tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43020038463227891732024-03-22T09:29:48.204+05:30The Wanderer Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-44094627493587517192019-11-06T10:01:00.001+05:302022-12-25T08:57:02.892+05:30Interfacing: A key to achieve IoT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="graf graf--p" name="9620">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image by <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="https://pixabay.com/users/TheDigitalArtist-202249/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4085382" href="https://pixabay.com/users/TheDigitalArtist-202249/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4085382" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Pete Linforth</a> from <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" data-href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4085382" href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4085382" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
A social network of all devices, allowing to share, comment and like their emotions, can be called as Internet of Things...! 😄</blockquote>
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A simple real-world task, like watering plants in the garden or a
complex task like supply chain management, always requires decision making and
regular human interactions. <i>The idea behind IoT is to reduce human
interactions during such activities, by using digital means</i>.</div>
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<br /></div>
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If you consider an activity
that we do on a day to day basis, as a complex action and asks to solve it, an
IoT genius will be able to see it as a complex set of activities and will try
divide and conquer approach. A digital solution is designed for such
sub-problems, every solution is communicative through the internet, following
the IoT protocols; more on the protocol standards can be found <a href="https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image by <a class="bh cp gh gi gj gk" href="https://pixabay.com/users/tagechos-9643195/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=3671222" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Niran Kasri</a> from <a class="bh cp gh gi gj gk" href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=3671222" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></span></td></tr>
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For any digital solution, <i>data is the primary driving factor</i>.
So capturing it is the primary concern, followed by transforming it and then
passing it on to a decision support system to analyze and take up appropriate
actions.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
Consider a <i>smart band</i>, a small sensor that can be worn as
a wristwatch. It captures your gesture, pulse… sends signals to a receiving
device, usually a smartphone with a preinstalled app to decode those signals
and which can give an explicit meaning to it.</div>
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<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
This is a simple use case, where an app is used to interface
between the systems that are connected through a blue-tooth network. i.e. The
person manufacturing the smart band must have written the software too and this
combination makes the magic happen..!</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Consider the use case of a Smart House, how about a facial recognition based door unlocking system, followed by climate based room temperature control system…😇</h3>
<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZGLPxEv_EWo/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZGLPxEv_EWo?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Credits: <a class="bh cp gh gi gj gk" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe-4xQosMQGkIA8mT4sR98Q" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">CNN Business</a> | <a class="bh cp gh gi gj gk" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-jarvis/10154361492931634/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Jarvis AI</a></span></div>
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<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Jarvis (from the movie Iron man) is an amazing blend IoT and AI</i>,
although it felt imaginary, today we are heading towards making it happen,
Alexa of Amazon, Google Home have already been the milestones…!</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Not all devices that we use today is network-enabled, not all
devices that we use today are programmable..!!</i> although Alexa and other
similar technologies look cool, they are still evolving, to delivering a better
environment for IoT. But to make this happen, the devices must be ready to be
interconnected, must be able to accept commands and act accordingly from a peer
within or out of the localhost..!</div>
<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="gz" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="dd74" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Data security</i>, on the
other hand, is a serious obligation for a vendor, to play safe they restrict
the features exposed by there products…!</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
A good interfacing standard is required to implement an ecosystem with a seamless possibility of interactions between the devices enabling IoT </h3>
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<div class="gz" style="text-align: left;">
<i>A simple medical consultation based on the data captured by a
fitness band </i>over some time, can save a lot of time and effort in today’s
busy lifestyle. One can completely avoid traveling to a doctor. Smart data
analytics could show the patient’s health condition…! this would be a handy
tool for a doctor to draw conclusions and to suggest medications.</div>
<div class="gz" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="78b2" style="text-align: left;">
This is a simple IoT environment,
bridging hospital with its patients..! likewise there is a big market option to
explore here..!</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Like the name suggests its all about interconnection of network enabled things…!!!</span></h3>
<div class="gz" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="0919" style="text-align: left;">
Found in <a href="https://medium.com/@cr.sriharsha/interfacing-a-key-to-achieve-iot-dfef8f66f142" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Medium</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-81373554471552905352019-10-12T16:25:00.003+05:302022-12-25T08:56:55.699+05:30Software Quality: The Developer’s Perspective<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSc81J4HC08euuXzOPbUsL1MTnI8pRjzuqaaffZ5S9rWDUowCrARhcQoMOKBeZI3-NGfoz3cdegSy54gNBLl7fZGsEdwIGU9UinaHv7-5uCqh96yaF-qaexz3UIzxfHpOn9mqEcAzC7q__/s1600/robot-2167836_1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1001" data-original-width="1600" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSc81J4HC08euuXzOPbUsL1MTnI8pRjzuqaaffZ5S9rWDUowCrARhcQoMOKBeZI3-NGfoz3cdegSy54gNBLl7fZGsEdwIGU9UinaHv7-5uCqh96yaF-qaexz3UIzxfHpOn9mqEcAzC7q__/s640/robot-2167836_1920.jpg" style="filter: grayscale(80%);" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image by <a class="bm cy pe pf pg ph" href="https://pixabay.com/users/geralt-9301/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=2167836" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Gerd Altmann</a> from <a class="bm cy pe pf pg ph" href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=2167836" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="pi">
<div class="pj pk iy ap nh b pl pm pn po pp pq pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="3769">
<div class="nh b ps pt at">
<i class="pu">Quality control is very crucial for any product; A </i>prospective <i class="pu">client always want at its best.</i></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9f82">
If
you love coffee, then you would measure its quality by its taste,
texture and aroma; how often could someones taste end-up being your
match, over a cup of coffee… ;p</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a219">
Quantifying
the quality, based on the factors like taste, texture and aroma sounds
simple; a manual task that one can use to measure quality to analyze a
cup of coffee, while considering a complex commercial software, a manual
software quality review is risky and almost a myth.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a219">
<br /></div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a219">
<i class="ap">The true nightmare for a programmer, is to analyze and refactor codes written by other programmers…!</i> No matter how boring it sounds, this phase will always shows up at some point of time.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a219">
<br /></div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a219">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSdTnZSm_G3FhZxcCHXcgtua4kGo10LbOy2anAYKNIVemDLp7NnrPWW-jyTFyPFu3AYBjVBW1gW4aKUhq8gXzvCzvnWwRWkozDUnipQ3zQfgObnyQcP5QP2abPl3BxnLvcbLUtWghau3d/s1600/todo-list-297195_1280.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="928" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSdTnZSm_G3FhZxcCHXcgtua4kGo10LbOy2anAYKNIVemDLp7NnrPWW-jyTFyPFu3AYBjVBW1gW4aKUhq8gXzvCzvnWwRWkozDUnipQ3zQfgObnyQcP5QP2abPl3BxnLvcbLUtWghau3d/s320/todo-list-297195_1280.png" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image by <a href="https://pixabay.com/users/Clker-Free-Vector-Images-3736/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=297195" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Clker-Free-Vector-Images</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=297195" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7e0a">
Jeopardy of deadlines, makes most of the developers end-up in compromising with code quality, and later realizes the mistake...!</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="e7f7">
<i class="qq">It is well known that a small wrong code is always a reason behind every tragic pitfall</i>.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="661d">
Code quality analysis is an iterative task, we should consider factors like <i class="qq">complexity</i>, <i class="qq">maintainability</i>, <i class="qq">duplication</i>, <i class="qq">bad codes</i> and many more while quantifying the quality of software.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="42ed">
It
may sound complicated, but accessing the software quality is no rocket
science, all you need is a right tool and the best of all is, <i class="qq">automation is a gift</i> to every developer and you can have it…!</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fc08">
The
development environment can be configured in such a way that, every
solution pushed into respective remote branches can trigger a code
analyzer, which reviews the updates in background and convey a detailed
report on the possible improvements.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fc08">
<br /></div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6dfa">
<a class="bm cy pe pf pg ph" href="https://www.sonarqube.org/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">SonarQube</a>
is one such tool, that is made available as an opensource platform,
supporting various programming languages, that comes handy by automating
inspection of code quality, code reviews by static analysis of code, to
detect bugs, code smells, and security vulnerabilities…</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6dfa">
<br /></div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f494">
<a class="bm cy pe pf pg ph" href="https://sonarcloud.io/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">SonarCloud,</a>
on the other hand provides a remote platform, so no efforts required to
install and configure the environment, one can directly perform a
quality audit on any publicly hosted project in GitHub, the best of all
is you can give it a try free of cost…! Although the first run could
take up more time, a quality assurance report is always worthy, that can
boost your confidence on every builds.</div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d323">
With
an elaborated reporting across various sections; dashboard will give a
quick view on overall review made, under four main categories, like:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dlvq6RyzgnIYZWGAUn8px-yi7QaxyH65AcwJd1tYOt_9HPzcDc47XCc6aTA3j7UKqjO_YLnGJc7W8hgC069LdRM1UA-YTalh4R4SnkTA5oLIRGecAFBrLfu6p6jYNEsrVb7EuOT-g7wE/s1600/check-3183216_640.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="640" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dlvq6RyzgnIYZWGAUn8px-yi7QaxyH65AcwJd1tYOt_9HPzcDc47XCc6aTA3j7UKqjO_YLnGJc7W8hgC069LdRM1UA-YTalh4R4SnkTA5oLIRGecAFBrLfu6p6jYNEsrVb7EuOT-g7wE/s320/check-3183216_640.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image by<a href="https://pixabay.com/users/geralt-9301/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=3183216" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> Gerd Altmann</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=3183216" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Pixabay</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ol class="">
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f889"><i class="qq">Reliability</i>:
A review on possibly encountered bugs, rating is given in scale between
A to E, indicating bug free code to bug-full code. Software complexity
is one of the factor that directly affects the reliability metrics.</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="095f"><i class="qq">Security:</i> A review on vulnerabilities that might have encountered during the audit, this is also rated in a scale between A to E.</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="60a0"><i class="qq">Maintainability: </i>Indicated how easy it is to understand the software codes, this will include other contributing factors like <i class="qq">Code Smell</i> (bad code that could cause damage in future), <i class="qq">Debt</i> (effort required to fix code smell)…</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ae24"><i class="qq">Duplication: </i>Code
Patterns that are written repeatedly, most of the copy past work leads
to code duplication, which affects the maintainability… </li>
</ol>
more on <a class="bm cy pe pf pg ph" href="https://sonarcloud.io/documentation/user-guide/metric-definitions/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">quality metrics</a>.<br />
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="135d">
<br /></div>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7e63">
Being a enthusiastic developer one should always follow the best practices, a few like:</div>
<ol class="">
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="55b4">Using design patterns, to solve repeated problems, this can contribute in delivering a reliable solution</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="01d3">Designing
generic solutions, that can solve related problems, which will help
enormously in reducing the code base and helps for maintenance.</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="8ef5">Using test driven development, is most common these days, in making sure the unit code block is secure and self sustainable. <i class="qq">Be generous while writing unit test cases</i>.</li>
<li class="pv pw ci ap px b py rg qa rh qc ri qe rj qg rk pr rd re rf" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9145">Modular
decomposition is the best approach in longer run, reduces the
complexity makes easy to understand and it also contribute for the
overall performance.</li>
</ol>
<div class="pv pw ci ap px b py qi qa qj qc qk qe ql qg qm pr" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="35a0">
Do
remember, it is worst if Quality Analysis is not used in your projects
development environment, instead of having it outside of the
environment, its always best to make a part of it. No matter the size of
project, have a <i class="qq">Software quality management </i>audit
for all updates you make, this will for sure be a contributing factor,
for giving out a quality software, with a reliable build.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Found in <a href="https://medium.com/@cr.sriharsha/software-quality-the-developers-perspective-bd9c46dec657" target="_blank">Medium</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-23234298412434859622016-10-10T17:34:00.000+05:302022-12-25T08:56:28.988+05:30 Telegram User React with LikeBot<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h2 class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
User React with LikeBot</h2>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJFQj2qBJW7qVKNNILh7CWZiAiXpTLwfVNLzHLKwYYJOZ8oP-H11QuGcEsrdyS4QZJ0cxq_hBhzJk6gRTjsdOJjtCoHh4ETHwgYpxSm7Cz2HcpXsDK5TZ9olWtgn41nxPqCFVqYoLtMEfE/s1600/index.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="https://web.telegram.org/#/im?p=@like" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJFQj2qBJW7qVKNNILh7CWZiAiXpTLwfVNLzHLKwYYJOZ8oP-H11QuGcEsrdyS4QZJ0cxq_hBhzJk6gRTjsdOJjtCoHh4ETHwgYpxSm7Cz2HcpXsDK5TZ9olWtgn41nxPqCFVqYoLtMEfE/s200/index.jpeg" title="@Like" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LOGO of LikeBot (@Like)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
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<br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">Telegram is
a more than a simple messenger, the BOT support makes Telegram unique
from it competitors. Today I have something for Telegram Channel
admin's and for Group members. Something that helps to capture the
views opinion and reactions on your posts...!</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">You
may know that a Channel is a broadcast environment where the admin
can share messages to the channel subscribers, supports 1 to N mode
of communication. On the other hand a Group supports N to N mode of
communication.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Sending
a simple personal message is to specific user is limited to two
individuals, but a generic message can be made to reach a huge set of
audience across the globe through these Groups and Channels.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After
creating a post, one will need to know the reaction of the audience
,this helps to create more better quality posts. In a group all
members will have authorization to message back or to replay to a
post. But in a channel its impossible.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Telegram
provides the view count, so one can get to know the number of viewers
of a post, but the viewers likes or dislikes related to the post was
never been known to the post creator and the viewers were not been
able to share there opinion on the post, made a small gap in
communication . </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">But
now this problem is been solved. LikeBot (@Like) is all you need..!</span></div>
<br /><div align="left" class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">A
like bot is a normal telegram bot that helps to create a emoji based
buttons (shown above), these buttons captures click counts. A post
can have upto 6 emoji buttons.</span></div>
<br /><div align="left" class="western">
<span style="font-size: small;">To
make this work for your posts:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">i. Start the LikeBot (@Like)
Bot.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">ii. Type in <i>/start</i>
command, this will make the bot to create a new instance for your
post, now the bot will ask you to send in your post(text, photo,
video or a sticker). You can create there or just forward from
somewhere..</span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">iii. If step 2 is successful,
you will be asked to send a max of 6 emoji icones, each icon is
expected to represent the reaction of viewr on the uploaded post.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;">iv. If step 3 succeeds, you
will be given a link, containing your post, with its ID as hashed
string(no visible when shared) & you are asked to share this.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-47824560551661207372014-02-11T20:11:00.002+05:302023-11-04T11:40:35.563+05:30The Rice Factor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The Rice Factor</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;"></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">“Annam
Brahma”</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0BcpTG3BN-ibmKju1kYqiR_9zJ2F5lKJGbk5ZE2bEndcSnjfA-9FXvuF2fZwLiyV2NubQwzvTDqH_-GXlxnenMw8dVdSRskpTDy0sugNCcIaGF1gu8IzHrK70CnlhcWiXs4j4jslxPx1d/s1600/rice_fields.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0BcpTG3BN-ibmKju1kYqiR_9zJ2F5lKJGbk5ZE2bEndcSnjfA-9FXvuF2fZwLiyV2NubQwzvTDqH_-GXlxnenMw8dVdSRskpTDy0sugNCcIaGF1gu8IzHrK70CnlhcWiXs4j4jslxPx1d/s1600/rice_fields.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">In India specially in south the feast i</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">
incomplete without Rice, for the offerings for god the dishes made from rice is
most preferred..., they also say “Anna Daana Maha Daana” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>donating food is a greatest form of charity maybe
that made the people to treat food as God; that kills hunger and gives enormous
amount of energy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">So here let me talk about this monocot cerial grain Rice...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Facts:</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Second
highly produced Commercial Crop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Rice was
originated more than 8000-13000 years ago in China. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">China is
the Largest producer of Rice</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Asia is
the highest consumer of Rice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Rice
comer</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">s in different Colours Naturally, White is
most common one, the colour vary from Dark Brown to Red...! </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Cultivation:</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">Irrespective
of geographical location rice plantation can be made any where, but the</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">plantation </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">need
water. Here I’ve </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">shown the rice plantation made on
a Mountain like Surface.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbnHcoY0vkFnfxz0FeDXEDYbt5ekOyRqJVsFVFcQF99k9tB83aYCY9xuOU1khOtEYZVfvT01YPq7jl_gaxnJ4HdaLf6rrvpa7JhbifKHPAYbQ64CbFDILw702f9LXN4aXeEdPuctFQkbT/s1600/rice+fields.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbnHcoY0vkFnfxz0FeDXEDYbt5ekOyRqJVsFVFcQF99k9tB83aYCY9xuOU1khOtEYZVfvT01YPq7jl_gaxnJ4HdaLf6rrvpa7JhbifKHPAYbQ64CbFDILw702f9LXN4aXeEdPuctFQkbT/s1600/rice+fields.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">It’s an Annual Crop, but can also be cultivated perennially depending on
the availability of labour and water resources.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Hi here is the list of
popular rice recipes... <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Biryani</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (Rice and sauce are
cooked separately and bought together later)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Pulao</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (rice cooked along with
vegetables and spices)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Sweet Rice</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (rice and dal are cooked
together and later mixed with jaggrey)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Lemon Rice</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> (rice is cooked and then
fired with ground nut and lemon solution)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Cooking
Rice</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Preasure cookers</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> are the best utensil to
cook rice as they exert the internal pressure during cooking and this reduces
both time and fuel used during cooking...</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Rinse the rice in a clean water at least twice and drain the water</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Pour water at least up to 2inch above the level of rice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Close the lid, fixed with rubber gasket.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Keep the cooker on a medium flame, wait till you see the steam, now
place the metallic stopper (weight).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">You may hardly wait for two whistles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The duration varies from 15 to 50 minutes, depending on the type of
rice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Rice and Health:</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Polishing is the processes of brightening the rice grains, by glucose
or some un hygienic talc powders consuming the highly polished rice may cause stomach
cancer and diabetes hence the doctors suggests avoiding<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> the Polished White Rice</b>...</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Rice is a source of Portions Carbohydrates, Calcium... but only rice
can’t keep up your health. So you must add something to balance the needs.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Curd Rice is a best solution to,
to lose weight, to boost up the Immunity power.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">So enjoy a fist full of
rice with no hesitation, in a healthier way in your diet...</span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-73019533267990892392013-03-23T16:00:00.000+05:302023-11-04T11:40:45.674+05:30Interview Question<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>TYPICAL QUESTIONS THAT AN INTERVIEWER WOULD ASK</b><br />
<br />
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<br />
After attending my first Interview with HP here I'm sharing the frequently asked Interview questions, that will revel about your self so have a look at this post if this is your first Interview as you may face the same experience as me...!!!<br />
<br />
* Group Discussion or Aptitude Tests are the elimination rounds in today's trend.., Ok let me begin the topic now,<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>1.Tell me about yourself</b></span><br />
The most often asked question in interviews. You need to have a short
statement prepared in your mind. Be careful that it does not sound
rehearsed. Limit it to work/Study-related items unless instructed
otherwise. Talk about things you have done well at your college and how
you wanted to perform in the first job, engage yourself at least for 2minute and if you can go on till the interrupts you.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Why Should We Employ You? or Why Should I Hire you?</span></b><br />
For this question, your answer should list out strengths that you feel
are relevant to the job. Given below are some answers which could help
you with your answers. However, structure them to suit your
requirements.<br />
<br />
Good analytical skills <br />
I am a good team player <br />
I have good entrepreneurial skills<br />
Can say “no” to people when required to do so! <br />
<br />
I have consistently met my deadlines and targetsMy greatest asset is my ability to motivate people<br />
Even during emergencies, I do not loose my cool<br />
<br />
<br />
I can persuade people to see my point of view, and get the work done<br />
I am very co-operative with my sub-ordinates, and would like to see them grow<br />
I am very flexible, and have the ability to work hard under difficult work conditions<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>3. Do You Have Offers From Other Companies ?</b></span><br />
<br />
This is of course a difficult question to answer. Obviously, you must
have applied to other companies if you are looking for a job or would
have some offers from other companies already. Therefore, do not lie
that you have not. However, you are on thin ice here! The interviewer
could be checking your honesty. On the other hand, he/she may also be
trying to find out how focused you are - are you applying randomly, or
is there a well-planned strategy?<br />
Whatever your answer, it should match your career goals. But don't worry this question is asked by very lest Interviewers...<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>4. What Salary Are You Expecting?</b></span><br />
Try not to get into salary details early in the interview. If pressed,
you could say that it all depends on the job, and would like to talk
about it after a job offer. Say this in a convincing tone. In case you
are asked this question in your latter interviews, give a direct answer.
Do not sound apologetic while quoting the figure you have in mind, BE AWARE as most of the freshers don't know there value and gets hired to less salary then the actually deserves and some candidates are sent back as they expects more salary even though they don't deserve for that.<br />
<br />
<b>SALARY EXPECTATIONS :</b><br />
<br />
<b>a. How much do you expect?</b><br />
If you have done your homework, you would know how much other people in similar jobs are paid. Quote the range upfront.<br />
<br />
<b>b. How much do you think you are worth?</b><br />
Work out how much you should be paid, given the market value of the job
and your skills. If you can bring some extra skills to the table, do not
hesitate to ask for more than the market value.<br />
<br />
<b>c. What kind of a culture are you comfortable with?</b><br />
It is better to be frank about your preferences. Your interviewer will get a clear idea about your expectations.<br />
<br />
<b>d. Which is more important to you-salary, perks or growth opportunities?</b><br />
This one will reveal the real you. So be sure what you are going to say.
Above all, be true to yourself. If you think this is a negotiation
move, then say clearly that you will never sell yourself short.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">5. What do you know about our company?</span></b><br />
Do not give your opinions about the company. Stick to reported facts
that you have gathered from newspapers and so on. Talk about the product
portfolio, size, income, and market perceptions of the company. Also it
is better to refer details about each company before going for the
interview from Wikipedia or Google too.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>6. Why should we choose you over someone else?</b></span><br />
Talk clearly about problems that you have solved in your College/Project Team and highlight the quality required and convince them the you are the one... <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>7. Your qualifications are excellent, but you may be overqualified for the position we have to offer?</b></span><br />
Point out that more experience can never be a drawback. If you are
multi-skilled, then highlight the fact that a company on the fast-track
needs multi-skilled people. It needs people within different departments
to work together. Also emphasise that the company's future growth will
be an exponential function of your experience.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD ASK :</b></span><br />
<br />
Interviewers usually round off by giving you an opportunity to ask questions. Treat it like a welcome opportunity.<br />
You could ask questions like.<br />
a) Tell me about your company.<br />
b) Now that I have outlined my career goals, do you think you can offer me the opportunities I need?<br />
c) What kind of training and learning can I expect in your company?<br />
d) Describe the work culture and the management style of your company?<br />
e) What is the long-term vision of your company?<br />
<br />
As a fresher, current position and status can impact the way you are interviewed. Fresh Out of College<br />
<br />
The basis on which you will be judged is your academic background, family background, and interests.<br />
If looking for your first job, ensure that your previous experience, even if it is part-time, is noticed.<br />
Mention projects or responsibilities you may have undertaken. This will indicate your area of aptitude.<br />
You should be willing to put in regular hours, in line with the
company's policies. The interviewer needs to know whether you can be
punctual and put in full-time work.<br />
In case you have applied for the post of management trainee, you should
display an ability to adapt, and indicate all-round interests. Moreover,
you should have good interpersonal skills.<br />
You should be enthusiastic to learn, and show commitment towards the
organization, as the company will be spending a lot on your training.<br />
<br />
<b>Bring with you :</b><br />
a) Copies of your resumes<br />
b) References and letters of recommendations.<br />
c) Recent Photos. <br />
d) Some blank sheets, may be helpful to solve some problems<br />
<br />
<b>First Impressions :</b><br />
There is a common saying that minds are made up within the first 5
minutes of an interview. So keep in mind these important first
impression indicators. Walk in the door as if you already work there,
carry yourself as though you feel perfectly comfortable with the
situation. Arrive on time or a little early. In the waiting area,
politely tell the receptionist who you are meeting and in a friendly
way, ask where you should sit. Take slow, deep breaths to help you
remain calm and focused. When introduced to the interviewer, have a
firm, but not painful, handshake. Smile. Have good posture when sitting
or standing. Introduce yourself in a relaxed, confident manner. Have a
well-groomed, professional appearance. Project a feeling of confidence.
Bring extra copies of your resume, some thing to write on and something
to write with. Don't forget to make friends as this makes you feel comfort and make you fell better...!!!<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-53016500073613658562013-02-17T14:07:00.001+05:302023-11-04T11:40:48.261+05:30What is Spam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqBUis34bRCcnr39aC373pZC7MjVZM72ic1YLwE8mqr-dwxDSrR9LnGZumpYSFrC55z894GYNC5PcrvPTXaUMilgm3TOBFMklQL7uUFJCnCZfBf6Bsoslw00h61VkBj0NMyrLf-urbt3E/s1600/Spam-480x167.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqBUis34bRCcnr39aC373pZC7MjVZM72ic1YLwE8mqr-dwxDSrR9LnGZumpYSFrC55z894GYNC5PcrvPTXaUMilgm3TOBFMklQL7uUFJCnCZfBf6Bsoslw00h61VkBj0NMyrLf-urbt3E/s320/Spam-480x167.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
After reviewing my post <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/backtracking-emails.html" target="_blank">Backtracking Emails</a> I felt that I had missed to say something about <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.com/2013/02/what-is-spam.html" target="_blank">Spams</a>.., so here I'll be talking completely about spams, how it is made, why it is made and how to avoid it...!!!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPiOb-7HJVZTFQ3j_bM1vuZWoUxM_Decn6oNLcvW-j7yBs-P6fKck_qwmr28B0ZazyAY2t7Tq96et_L7P_oLh1ORdyK7u8XsYkDYU4GSIKh2Rk5Lh4QcyfRAIKHameQ7ctTFAmgHd_ce2j/s1600/Auto-Delete+Spam+Mail+copy%5B2%5D.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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Spam involving nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by email. Clicking on links in spam email may send users to phishing web sites or sites that are hosting malware.
Spam email may also include malware as scripts or other executable file
attachments. Definitions of spam usually include the aspects that email
is unsolicited and sent in bulk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spamfaq_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam#cite_note-spamfaq-1"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rhyolite_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam#cite_note-rhyolite-2"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spamcop_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam#cite_note-spamcop-3"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abuse_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam#cite_note-abuse-4"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-monkeys_5-0"></sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">How do they get my Email Id </span></b><br />
Spammers collect email addresses from chatrooms, websites, customer
lists, newsgroups, and viruses which harvest users' address books, and
are sold to other spammers. They also use a practice known as "email
appending" or "epending" in which they use known information about their
target (such as a postal address) to search for the target's email
address. Much of spam is sent to invalid email addresses. Spam averages
78% of all email sent.
According to the Message Anti-Abuse Working Group, the amount of spam
email was between 88–92% of email messages sent in the first half of
2010...!!!<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">How do they Spam</span></b><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending">a. Appending: <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Similar to a telephone directory, here One will have the list of Na<span style="font-size: small;">m</span>e</span>,<span style="font-size: small;"> Email I<span style="font-size: small;">d<span style="font-size: small;"> and many more personal <span style="font-size: small;">information's</span> of</span></span> clients. A spammer will get those<span style="font-size: small;"> details officially or unofficially...!!!</span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-size: small;">b</span>. Image spam: <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is <span style="font-size: small;">o</span></span>ne </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">of the <span style="font-size: small;">serious</span> issue</span> <span style="font-size: small;">where texts a<span style="font-size: small;">nd messages are stored in the attractive(erotic/<span style="font-size: small;">beautiful/pornographic </span>) <span style="font-size: small;">i</span>mages and those <span style="font-size: small;">i</span>ma<span style="font-size: small;">ges are uploaded </span></span>to the popular websites, the one who <span style="font-size: small;">clicks on it <span style="font-size: small;">will be <span style="font-size: small;">exploited by spammer as he can steal the host cookie</span></span></span>..!!!</span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Blank_spam">c. Blank spam: </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Blank spam is spam <span style="font-size: small;">without</span> any payload advertisements, but </span>s<span style="font-weight: normal;">till it fits the definition of spam because of its nature as bulk and unsolicited email<span style="font-size: small;">...!!!</span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: large;">So what are the effects of Spam</span></b></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">a. Every time a "spammer"
sends out email spam, the entire Internet community has to bear the cost,
in particular the recipients and the ISPs at the receiving end. It wasted a
lot of recipients' time and disk space... :(
</span></span></span></h3>
b. Spam also ties up bandwidth and resources on computers and routers all over
the Internet. Every unwanted email message adds to the total cost of operating
the networks of computers which form the Internet. Spam can disrupt a network
by crashing mail servers and filling up hard drives. Spam also constitutes
an invasion of Internet users' online privacy... :( <br />
<br />
c. On the other hand, if any servers or organizations / institutes being classified
as SPAM sites, others may not be able to receive normal emails from these
sites... :(<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPiOb-7HJVZTFQ3j_bM1vuZWoUxM_Decn6oNLcvW-j7yBs-P6fKck_qwmr28B0ZazyAY2t7Tq96et_L7P_oLh1ORdyK7u8XsYkDYU4GSIKh2Rk5Lh4QcyfRAIKHameQ7ctTFAmgHd_ce2j/s1600/Auto-Delete+Spam+Mail+copy%255B2%255D.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPiOb-7HJVZTFQ3j_bM1vuZWoUxM_Decn6oNLcvW-j7yBs-P6fKck_qwmr28B0ZazyAY2t7Tq96et_L7P_oLh1ORdyK7u8XsYkDYU4GSIKh2Rk5Lh4QcyfRAIKHameQ7ctTFAmgHd_ce2j/s1600/Auto-Delete+Spam+Mail+copy%255B2%255D.png" /></a></div>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> So what can I do to avoid <span style="font-size: large;">Spam</span>...?</span></b></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">a. Never ever Sign Up <span style="font-size: small;">on Un<span style="font-size: small;">-</span>Known websites and never share you<span style="font-size: small;">r Email Id to <span style="font-size: small;">Anonymous</span>...</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>b. <span style="font-size: small;">Avoid clicking the links that are in the email you <span style="font-size: small;">receive<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> if the sender is</span></span> an <span style="font-size: small;">a</span></span>nonymous</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>...</h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>c.</b> <b>It is common sense that no<span style="font-size: small;"> one <span style="font-size: small;">today will ask your help by Introducing <span style="font-size: small;">themselves</span> as</span></span> XYZ working in ABC with income of several $ as post photos th<span style="font-size: small;">r</span>ough email<span style="font-size: small;"> and asks your personal details or may call you <span style="font-size: small;">to</span> meet her/him<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span>..!</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">d. Here is how to take revenge against these <span style="font-size: small;">bloody mother fuckers<span style="font-size: small;">, through Report Spam<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">, i.e</span> <span style="font-size: small;">b</span></span>efore you delete your spam, <b>forward your spam to: spam@uce.gov</b> as this
is the Spam box for FTC (Federal Trade Commission). Mail sent to this
box is investigated. If it is indeed spam, the original sender can be
charged $500 per email. The more mail they get from different users but
same spammer, the more it's likely to be investigated. </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Be aware of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>attractive<span style="font-size: small;">,</span> erotic<span style="font-size: small;">,<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>pornographic</span> <span style="font-size: small;">i</span>mages<span style="font-size: small;"> that will reach a<span style="font-size: small;">n</span>y of your <span style="font-size: small;">mail box</span>es and never forget <span style="font-size: small;">t</span>hese words before clicking on them...!!!</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do you love <span style="font-size: small;">experiments so <span style="font-size: small;">here is my journey in finding a spammer <span style="font-size: small;">by <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/backtracking-emails.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">B</span></a></span><a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/backtracking-emails.html" target="_blank">acktracking<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">the senders E</span></span>mail</a><span style="font-size: small;">, and never forget to stay <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/anonymity-on-web.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;">Anonymous on Web</span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appending"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-23442201884939085392013-01-07T18:44:00.000+05:302023-11-04T11:40:53.036+05:30Cryptography The Basics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaCXVy0-hUfzroA7pCQoF_nU_18ageqmNSrv50s8-yky-NWx614mP9mliE1lFS-uH_fRpqnlADg0JpE0dc8iDbp2xdtKjSe4dB4SreT5PkMbswvBVZPh0HkBWyRQw8PKe71hbdglUfnFo/s1600/chp_lock_binary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPaCXVy0-hUfzroA7pCQoF_nU_18ageqmNSrv50s8-yky-NWx614mP9mliE1lFS-uH_fRpqnlADg0JpE0dc8iDbp2xdtKjSe4dB4SreT5PkMbswvBVZPh0HkBWyRQw8PKe71hbdglUfnFo/s320/chp_lock_binary.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
In this text I'll talk about encryption, what is it,<span class="st"><i> Pretty Good Privacy</i> (<i>PGP</i>), </span>ways that someone can read your encrypted files etc. Every hacker or paranoid should use encryption and keep the other from reading their files.The encryption is very important thing and I'll talk about how can<br />
someone break and decrypt your files here...!<br />
<br />
<br />
So now let me tell about Encryption and how it works now.<br />
<br />
The Encryption is very old.Even Julius Caesar used it when he was sending messages because he didn't trust to his messengers.You see encryption is everywhere,when you watch some spy film you see there's always a computer with encrypted files or some film about hackers when the feds busted the hacker and they see all of the hacker's files are encrypted. When you have simple .txt file that you can read this is called "plain text". But when you use encryption and encrypt the file it will become unreadable by the time you don't enter the password.This text is called cipher text. The process of converting a cipher text into plain text is called decryption... <br />
Here's a little summary:<br />
<br />
Plain text ==>Encryption==>Ciphertext==>Descryption==>Plaintext<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>About the Cryptography and PGP</b><br />
<br />
Cryptography is science that use the mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data.This science let you keep your files and documents safe even on insecure networks like the Internet. The cryptography can be weak and strong.The best is of course the strong one. Even when you use all the computers in the world and they're doing billion operations in second you'll just need BILLIONS of years to encrypt strong encryption.<br />
<br />
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is maybe the best encryption program to encrypt your files and documents, that work in this way:<br />
<br />
When you encrypt one file with PGP,PGP first compress the file.This saves you disk space and modem transmission. Then it creates a session key. This session key works with a very secure and fast confidential encryption algorithm to encrypt the file.Then the session key is encrypted with the<br />
recipient's public key. PGP ask you for pass phrase not for password.This is more secure against the dictionary attacks when someone tries to use all the words in a dictionary to get your password.When you use pass phrase you can enter a whole phrase with upper and lowercase letters with numeric and<br />
punctuation characters.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>So let's look at the Ways of breaking the encryption</b><br />
<br />
PGP has been written for people that want their files encrypted for people that want privacy.<br />
When you send an e-mail it can be read from other people if you use PGP only the person for who<br />
is the message will be able to read it. Now you know many things about PGP and the encryption but you may like to know can someone break it and read your private texts and files.In fact if you use all the computers in the world to decrypt a simple PGP message they'll need long times the. You see this is the BEST the encryption is so strong noone can break it. The people that program it has done their work now everything depends on you.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>a-Bad pass phrases</b><br />
<br />
The algorithm is unbreakable but they're other ways to decrypt the text and read it. One of the biggest mistakes when someone writes his/her pass phrase is that the pass phrase is something like : "Jessi" "I love you" and such lame phrases.Other one are the name of some friend or something like that. This is not good because this is pass phrase not password make it longer put numbers and other characters in it.The longer your pass phrase is the harder it will be guessed but put whole sentences even one that doesn't make sense just think in this way:<br />
Someone is brute-forcing thousands of pass phrases from a dictionary therefore my pass phrase<br />
should be someone that is not there in the dictionary something very stupid like:<br />
<br />
"Je$$!_!_l0v3_U,w!11_U_m@rRy_m3"<br />
<br />
Did you get that...?<br />
my sentence was "Jessi I love u, will u marry me"<br />
<br />
This is easy to remember because it's funny and there are only a few numbers and you may use<br />
upper and lowercase characters in it. I hope you know will put some very good pass phrase and be sure noon will know it.<br />
Another mistake is that you may write the pass phase on a paper and if someone find it you'll loose<br />
it and he/she will be able to read your encrypted files, so be aware of that...!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>b-Not deleted files</b><br />
<br />
Another big security problem is how most of the operating systems delete files.So when you encrypt<br />
the file you delete the plain text and of course leave the encrypted one. But the system doesn't actually delete the file. It just mark those blocks of the disk deleted and free. Someone may run a disk recovery program and still see all the files but in plain text. Even when you're writing your text file with a word editor it can create some temporary copies of it.When you close it these files are deleted but as I told you they're still somewhere on your computer. PGP has tool called PGP Secure Wipe that complete removes all deleted files from your computer by overwriting them. In this way you'll only have the encrypted files on your computer.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>c-Viruses and Trojans</b><br />
<br />
Another dangerous security problem are the viruses and the Trojans. So when you infect with a<br />
trojan the attacker may run a key logger on your system.<br />
*Note<br />
A key logger is a program that captures all keystrokes pressed by you then saves them on your<br />
hard drive or send them to the attacker, so after the attacker run it he/she will be able to see everything you have written on your computer and of course with your PGP pass phrase.<br />
There are also a viruses designed to do this.Simpy record your pass phrase and send it back to the<br />
attacker.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>d-Fake Version of PGP</b><br />
<br />
Another security problem is the PGP source that is available so someone can make a fake copy of it that is recording your pass phase and sending it back to the attacker. The program will look real and it will work but it may also have functions you even don't know about. A way of defending of these security problems is to use a trojan and a virus scanner.You should also be sure your computer is clean from viruses and trojans when you install PGP and also be sure you get PGP from Network Associates Inc. not from some other pages.<br />
<br />
So now I hope you understand that PGP can't be braked but if you use it wisely and be sure<br />
your pass phrase is good one,you're not infected with viruses or trojans and you're using the<br />
real version of PGP you'll be secure.
<br />
<br />
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-51470257591444198592012-12-24T20:08:00.000+05:302023-11-04T11:40:54.352+05:30Registry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In this post I'll be telling about the computer registry, by reading this post I assure you that you can easily tuneup your PC to get its best performance and hope will help others by sharing this...!<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>So <span style="font-size: large;">w</span>hat is the Registry..? </b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFyPQyxgslLHCD0y9qQjpK-QXmV4t0n2Z3KFckUDqM9eKxVOfPmeJpIlvf_ohF8iyrhkfEL7WLWt3oFi1U52cguFfSWNSFclPAbxpX6o4pJv-1v5aMmcULkVjUlmRJSnaX1f51d4HDVVv/s1600/regedit-icon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbFyPQyxgslLHCD0y9qQjpK-QXmV4t0n2Z3KFckUDqM9eKxVOfPmeJpIlvf_ohF8iyrhkfEL7WLWt3oFi1U52cguFfSWNSFclPAbxpX6o4pJv-1v5aMmcULkVjUlmRJSnaX1f51d4HDVVv/s1600/regedit-icon.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Registry is a database used to store settings and options for the 32 bit versions of Microsoft Windows including Windows 95, 98, ME and NT/2000, Windows7... It contains information and settings for all the hardware, software, users, and preferences of the PC. </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b><br />Whenever a user makes changes to a Control Panel settings, or File Associations, System Policies, or installed software,<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>the changes are reflected and stored in the Registry...!<br /><br />The physical files that make up the registry are stored differently depending on your version of Windows; under Windows 95 & <br />98 it is contained in two hidden files in your Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT, for Windows M<span style="font-size: small;">E</span> there is an <br />additional CLASSES.DAT file, while under Windows NT/2000 the files are contained <span style="font-size: small;">separately</span> in the %SystemRoot%\System32\Config directory.<br /> You can not edit these files directly, you must use a tool commonly known as a "Registry Editor" to make any changes<br />Hope you know about Win XP and my <span style="font-size: small;">favorite Win7...</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (using registry editors will be discussed later in the article).</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3 id="tocHeadRef">
Syntax of .Reg Files</h3>
A .reg file has the following syntax:<br />
<br />
<var>RegistryEditorVersion</var><br />
<var>Blank line</var><br />
[<var>RegistryPath1</var>]
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"<var>DataItemName1</var>"="<var>DataType1</var>:<var>DataValue1</var>"<br />
<var>DataItemName2</var>"="<var>DataType2</var>:<var>DataValue2</var>"<br />
<var>Blank line</var><br />
[<var>RegistryPath2</var>]
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"<var>DataItemName3</var>"="<var>DataType3</var>:<var>DataValue3</var>"<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <br /><b>The Structure of The Registry</b><br />The Registry has a <span style="font-size: small;">hierarchical</span> structure, just similar to the directory structure on your hard disk. <b>Regedit is similar to Windows Explorer.</b><br />-> Goto to Run and <span style="font-size: small;">t</span>ype regedit to open the <span style="font-size: small;">panel</span> and have a closer look<br />Each main branch (denoted by a folder icon in the Registry Editor, see left) is called a Hive, and Hives contains Keys.<br /> Each key can contain other keys (sometimes referred to as sub-keys), as well as Values. The values contain the actual information stored in the Registry. <br />There are three types of values; String, Binary, and DWORD - the use of these depends upon the context.<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">There are six main branches, each containing a specific portion of the information stored in the Registry. They are as follows:</span></b><br /><br /><br />*<b> HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT</b> - This branch contains all of your file association mappings to support the drag-and-drop feature, OLE information,<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>Windows shortcuts, and core aspects of the Windows user interface.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>HKEY_CURRENT_USER </b>- This branch links to the section of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the user currently logged onto the PC and contains information such as logon names, desktop settings, and Start menu settings.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</b> - This branch contains computer specific information about the type of hardware, software, and other preferences on a given PC, this information is used for all users who log onto this computer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>HKEY_USERS</b> - This branch contains individual preferences for each user of the computer, each user is represented by a SID sub-key located under the main branch.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG</b> - This branch links to the section of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration.<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Each registry value is stored as one of five main data types:</span></b><br /><br />* <b>REG_BINARY</b> - This type stores the value as raw binary data. Most hardware component information is stored as binary data, and can be displayed in an editor in hexadecimal format.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>REG_DWORD</b> - This type represents the data by a four byte number and is commonly used for <span style="font-size: small;">Boolean</span> values, such as "0" is disabled and "1" is enabled. <br />Additionally many parameters for device driver and services are this type, and can be displayed in REGEDT32 in binary, hexadecimal and decimal format, or in REGEDIT in hexadecimal and decimal format.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>REG_EXPAND_SZ </b>- This type is an expandable data string that is string containing a variable to be replaced when called by an application. For example,<br /> for the following value, the string "%SystemRoot%" will replaced by the actual location of the directory containing the Windows NT system files.<br /> (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>REG_MULTI_SZ</b> - This type is a multiple string used to represent values that contain lists or multiple values, each entry is separated by a NULL character. <br />(This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />* <b>REG_SZ</b> - This type is a standard string, used to represent human readable text values.<br /><br />Other data types not available through the standard registry editors include:<br /><br />* REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in little-endian format.<br />* REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in big-endian format.<br />* REG_LINK - A Unicode symbolic link. Used internally; applications should not use this type.<br />* REG_NONE - No defined value type.<br />* REG_QWORD - A 64-bit number.<br />* REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 64-bit number in little-endian format.<br />* REG_RESOURCE_LIST - A device-driver resource list.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Editing The Registry</span></b><br /><br />The Registry Editor (<b>REGEDIT.EXE</b>) is included with most version of Windows (although you won't find it on the Start Menu) it enables you to view,<br /> search and edit the data within the Registry. There are several methods for starting the Registry Editor, the simplest is to click on the Start button,<br /> then select Run, and in the Open box type "regedit", and if the Registry Editor is installed it should now open and look like the image below.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsImBTAnUnA68y5UragrhdGoCzT1yVnkGyrjECVYzEXo4LtmKbkFJSB2PC13v5t_2tUQG7mMGBdgDXs0R3_xCoKp06CNJkZI_cssm0MvF-WYvOZnZKHadgjqfAGtUVLAbH4XUF1cgPwBG/s1600/800px-Registry_Editor_Vista.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmsImBTAnUnA68y5UragrhdGoCzT1yVnkGyrjECVYzEXo4LtmKbkFJSB2PC13v5t_2tUQG7mMGBdgDXs0R3_xCoKp06CNJkZI_cssm0MvF-WYvOZnZKHadgjqfAGtUVLAbH4XUF1cgPwBG/s320/800px-Registry_Editor_Vista.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> * Windows 7 Home P<span style="font-size: small;">remi<span style="font-size: small;">um many lack this feature...</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />An alternative Registry Editor (<b>REGEDT32.EXE</b>) is available for use with Windows, it includes some additional features not found in the standard version, <br />including; the ability to view and modify security permissions, and being able to create and modify the extended string values REG_EXPAND_SZ & REG_MULTI_SZ.<br /><br /><b>Create a Shortcut to Regedit</b><br />This can be done by simply right-clicking on a blank area of your desktop, selecting New, then Shortcut, then in the Command line box enter "regedit.exe" and click Next, enter a friendly name (e.g. 'Registry Editor') then click Finish<span style="font-size: small;">. <span style="font-size: small;">N</span></span>ow you can double click on the new icon to launch the Registry Editor.<br /><br />Using Regedit to modify your Registry<span style="font-size: small;">, <span style="font-size: small;">o</span></span>nce you have started the Regedit you will notice that on the left side there is a tree with folders, and on the right the contents(values) of the currently selected folder<span style="font-size: small;">, as shown in the pic.</span><br /><br />Like Windows explorer, to expand a certain branch (see the structure of the registry section), click on the plus sign [+] to the left of any folder, or just double-click on the folder. To display the contents of a key (folder), just click the desired key, and look at the values listed on the right side. <br />You can add a new key or value by selecting New from the Edit menu, or by right-clicking your mouse. <br />And you can rename any value and almost any key with the same method used to rename files; right-click on an object and click rename, <br />or click on it twice (slowly), or just press F2 on the keyboard. Lastly, you can delete a key or value by clicking on it, and pressing Delete on the keyboard, or by right-clicking on it, and choosing Delete.<br /><br /><b>Note:</b> it is always a good idea to backup your registry before making any changes to it. It can be intimidating to a new user, and there is always the possibility of changing or deleting a critical setting causing you to have to reinstall the whole operating system.<br /> <b>It's much better to be safe than sorry!</b><br /><br /><b>Importing and Exporting Registry Settings</b><br /><br />A great feature of the Registry Editor is it's ability to import and export registry settings to a text file, this text file,<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>identified by the .REG extension, can then be saved or shared with other people to easily modify local registry settings. You can see the layout of these text files by simply exporting a key to a file and opening it in Notepad,<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>to do this using the Registry Editor select a key, then from the "Registry" menu choose "Export Registry File...",<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>choose a filename and save. If you open this file in notepad you will see a file similar to the example below:<br /> * You can do this to backup your computer Registry settings..</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quote:<br /><br />Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00<br /><br />[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\RNG]<br />"ExternalEntropyCount"=dword:00000002<br />"Seed"=hex:53,65,65,64,46,69,6c,65,00,d0,07,00,72,18,ab,5f,cd,a2,4f,c0,01,77,\<br /> 25,0e,9b,ff,23,71,37,d6,97,20,49,b9,ab,f6,78,45,20,d1,99,43,81,5e,fa,0a,cf,\<br /> 04,cf,f5,7c,51,6d,75,72,a7,13,12,82,23,7c,d3,00,5e,9b,0f,46,e1,8d,94,a3,12,\<br /> 1b,46,b8,ab<br /><br />The layout is quite simple, </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00</span></span> indicated the file type and version, [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">RNG</span></span>] indicated the key the values are from,<br /> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">"ExternalEntropyCount"=dword:00000002</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Seed"=hex:53,65,65,64,46,69,6c,65,00,d0,07,00,72,18,ab,5f,cd,a2,4f,c0,01,77,\<br /> 25,0e,9b,ff,23,71,37,d6,97,20,49,b9,ab,f6,78,45,20,d1,99,43,81,5e,fa,0a,cf,\<br /> 04,cf,f5,7c,51,6d,75,72,a7,13,12,82,23,7c,d3,00,5e,9b,0f,46,e1,8d,94,a3,12,\<br /> 1b,46,b8,ab</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span> are the values themselves the portion after the "=" will vary depending on the type of value they are; DWORD, String, Binary<span style="font-size: small;"> or H</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">exadecimal format.</span></span></span><br /><br />So by simply editing this file to make the changes you want, it can then be easily distributed and all that need to be done is to double-click, or choose "Import" from the Registry menu, for the settings to be added to the system Registry.<br /><br /><b>Deleting keys or values using a REG file</b><br />It is also possible to delete keys and values using REG files. To delete a key start by using the same format as the the REG file above, <br />but place a "-" symbol in front of the key name you want to delete. <br />For example to delete the [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] key the reg file would look like this:<br /><br />Quote:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00<br /><br />[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\RNG]</span></span><br />The format used to delete individual values is similar, but instead of a minus sign in front of the whole key, <br />place it after the equal sign of the value. For example, to delete the value "SetupType" the file would look like:<br /><br />Quote:</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00<br /><br />[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\RNG]<br />"ExternalEntropyCount"=-</span></span><br /><br />or just right click on the content <span style="font-size: small;">and click delete to delete the Registry value.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br /><b>Use this feature with care, as deleting the wrong key or value could cause major problems within the registry, so remember to always make a backup first.</b><br /><br /><b>Regedit Command Line Options</b><br />Regedit has a number of command line options to help automate it's use in either batch files or from the command prompt.<br /> Listed below are some of the options, please note the some of the functions are operating system specific.<br /><br /><br />* regedit.exe [options] [filename] [regpath]<br />* [filename] Import .reg file into the registry<br />* /s [filename] Silent import, i.e. hide confirmation box when importing files<br />* /e [filename] [regpath] Export the registry to [filename] starting at [regpath]<br />e.g. regedit /e file.reg HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT<br />* /L:system Specify the location of the system.dat to use<br />* /R:user Specify the location of the user.dat to use<br />* /C [filename] Compress (Windows 98)<br />* /D [regpath] Delete the specified key (Windows 98)<br /><br />Maintaining the Registry</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tha<span style="font-size: small;">nks to <a href="http://www.pcmag.com/" target="_blank">PCMag </a> to give me these <span style="font-size: small;">information</span>, as Win 95, 98<span style="font-size: small;"> are out dated<span style="font-size: small;">, you can skip them and proceed to Win NT.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">How can you backup and restore the Registry <span style="font-size: small;">of 95's and 98's...</span>?</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>Windows 95<br />Microsoft included a utility on the Windows 95 CD-ROM that lets you create backups of the Registry on your computer. <br />The Microsoft Configuration Backup program, CFGBACK.EXE, can be found in the \Other\Misc\Cfgback directory on the Windows 95 CD-ROM.<br /> This utility lets you create up to nine different backup copies of the Registry, which it stores, with the extension RBK,<br /> in your \Windows directory. If your system is set up for multiple users, CFGBACK.EXE won't back up the USER.DAT file.<br /><br />After you have backed up your Registry, you can copy the RBK file onto a floppy disk for safekeeping. However, to restore from a backup,<br /> the RBK file must reside in the \Windows directory. Windows 95 stores the backups in compressed form, <br />which you can then restore only by using the CFGBACK.EXE utility.<br /><br />Windows 98<br />Microsoft Windows 98 automatically creates a backup copy of the registry every time Windows starts, <br />in addition to this you can manually create a backup using the Registry Checker utility by running SCANREGW.EXE from Start | Run menu.<br /><br />What to do if you get a Corrupted Registry<br />Windows 95, 98 and NT all have a simple registry backup mechanism that is quite reliable, although you should never simply rely on it,<br /> remember to always make a backup first!<br /><br />Windows 95<br />In the Windows directory there are several hidden files, four of these will be SYSTEM.DAT & USER.DAT, your current registry, <br />and SYSTEM.DA0 & USER.DA0, a backup of your registry. Windows 9x has a nice reature in that every time it appears to <br />start successfully it will copy the registry over these backup files, so just in case something goes wrong can can restore it <br />to a known good state. To restore the registry follow these instruction:<br />[list=1]<br />* Click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.<br /><br />* Click Restart The Computer In MS-DOS Mode, then click Yes.<br /><br />* Change to your Windows directory. For example, if your Windows directory is c:\windows, you would type the following:<br /><br />cd c:\windows<br /><br />* Type the following commands, pressing ENTER after each one. (Note that SYSTEM.DA0 and USER.DA0 contain the number zero.)<br /><br />attrib -h -r -s system.dat<br />attrib -h -r -s system.da0<br />copy system.da0 system.dat<br />attrib -h -r -s user.dat<br />attrib -h -r -s user.da0<br />copy user.da0 user.dat<br /><br />* Restart your computer.<br /><br /><br /><br />Following this procedure will restore your registry to its state when you last successfully started your computer.<br /><br />If all else fails, there is a file on your hard disk named SYSTEM.1ST that was created when Windows 95 was first successfully installed. <br />If necessary you could also change the file attributes of this file from read-only and hidden to archive to copy the file to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.DAT.<br /><br /><b>Windows NT</b><br />On Windows NT you can use either the "Last Known Good" option or RDISK to restore to registry to a stable working configuration.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Windows Xp<span style="font-size: small;">, 7</span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">C:\Windows\System32\config </span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">is the location where you can find the backups</span></span></span></span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can directly download the registry files<span style="font-size: small;"> and double click on it to restore your basic registry settings by googling out...!</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />How can I clean out old data from the Registry?<br />Although it's possible to manually go through the Registry and delete unwanted entries, Microsoft provides a tool called <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=435BFCE7-DA2B-4A6A-AFA4-F7F14E605A0D&displaylang=en" target="_blank">Windows Defender</a> other tools <span style="font-size: small;">can be used like </span><a href="http://majorgeeks.com/JetClean_d7226.html" target="_blank">JetCleaner</a>. <a href="http://download.glarysoft.com/rrsetup.exe" target="_blank">RegRepair</a> analyzes Windows Registry keys stored in a common location in the Windows Registry.<br /> It finds keys that contain erroneous values, it removes them from the Windows Registry after having recording those entries in the Undo.Reg file.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can get better <span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/the-best-windows-software.html" target="_blank">software's</a> to clean your PC's <span style="font-size: small;">Registry</span></span>...</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">But still do you think your <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/ultimate-pc-modification.html" target="_blank">PC </a><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/ultimate-pc-modification.html" target="_blank">is Modified</a>...?</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Have you <span style="font-size: small;">enhanced</span> your <a href="http://crsriharsha.blogspot.in/2012/12/10-fast-and-free-security-enhancements.html" target="_blank">system security</a>...? </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Share it if YES... do it if NO...</span></span></span><b><br /></b></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-14095474836128531892012-12-21T18:46:00.003+05:302023-11-04T11:40:55.865+05:30Common Errors in English<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPszWPROAdnxfeyuiw7LQta-KwLsFtY_3l-CTwagjU_Ojp2LcmCPN_K48BwVI4p_-nUq2aPQyRGHEbaWl3IydkiPztHHIQKA6M8gJBco2LWc65bArGCU-okE-aZ0VdS-IGRcLn28yqO6TY/s1600/English_business_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPszWPROAdnxfeyuiw7LQta-KwLsFtY_3l-CTwagjU_Ojp2LcmCPN_K48BwVI4p_-nUq2aPQyRGHEbaWl3IydkiPztHHIQKA6M8gJBco2LWc65bArGCU-okE-aZ0VdS-IGRcLn28yqO6TY/s320/English_business_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Although English is a foreign language yet its important to learn in our country, If you needs to survive just out of your state now English is must...! then what about living out of country without knowing this Global Interconnection Language...? Yes I considered English as GIL after watching the promos of a Hindi movie<span style="font-size: small;"><span dir="auto"><i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Vinglish" target="_blank">English Vinglish...</a></i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Today a large number of peoples try to learn the language<span style="font-size: small;">, not only in In<span style="font-size: small;">dia but </span></span></span></span>globally, but it is essential for us to know how to speak and write in English correctly to support this here I'm posting the common errors that we make while speak and writing in English...<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> "Be perfect in Grammar</span><span style="font-size: large;"> to make sentence </span><span style="font-size: large;">Glamour</span><span style="font-size: large;">"</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">a. Errors due to the confusion of English words</span> </b><br />
<b> There are some pair of words in English that sounds quite similar or may have same words placed in different order, which differs in their meaning,</b> such errors can change the whole meaning of a sentence, so proper care must be taken to avoid such mistakes. Here is a list of commonly confused pairs.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfiwnpFhKlFDo3hEK5QpuPnrwmRJvp9ovfuNJcSYRalypxc8w23dXpx-rs2VSLOhskJim7yOFlRnj9trFGQQGdV5nhlCNuUHzSsQ3k7xM4rRngOQYz04Tw8YsmhkglnI5B2Kz177dhQ7F_/s1600/logo_english_for_me.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfiwnpFhKlFDo3hEK5QpuPnrwmRJvp9ovfuNJcSYRalypxc8w23dXpx-rs2VSLOhskJim7yOFlRnj9trFGQQGdV5nhlCNuUHzSsQ3k7xM4rRngOQYz04Tw8YsmhkglnI5B2Kz177dhQ7F_/s320/logo_english_for_me.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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i.<u> <b>Advice</b>, <b>Advise </b></u> <br />
Advice :- Counsel, Instruction (noun)<br />
Advise :- To give advice, To notify (verb)<br />
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Wrong usage: My friend always gives me good <b>advise.</b><br />
My friend <b>adviced</b> him to work hard.<br />
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Right usage: My friend always gives me good <b>advice</b>.<br />
My friend <b>advised</b> him to work hard.<br />
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ii.<u><b> Adapt, Adopt, Adept</b></u> <br />
Adapt :- Make fit for a change (verb)<br />
Adopt :- To choose something (verb)<br />
Adept :- Skilled one (adjective) <br />
<br />
Wrong usage: You must <b>adopt</b> yourself to the changed conditions.<br />
He has now <b>adapted</b> the proper course of action.<br />
Ram is an <b>adapt</b> in the art of drawing.<br />
<br />
Right usage: You must <b>adapt</b> yourself to the changed conditions.<br />
He has now <b>adopted</b> the proper course of action.<br />
Ram is an <b>adept</b> in the art of drawing.<br />
<br />
iii. <u><b>Alter, Altar</b></u> <br />
Alter :- To change (verb)<br />
Altar :- A raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made (noun)<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: I don't want to <b>altar</b> my decision.<br />
We made an offering at the <b>alter</b>.<br />
<br />
Right usage: I don't want to <b>alter</b> my decision.<br />
We made an offering at the <b>altar</b>.<br />
<br />
iv. <u><b>Angel, Angle</b></u> <br />
Angel :- Messenger of god (noun)<br />
Angle :- A point where two lines meet (noun)<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: A square has four <b>angels.</b><br />
I saw an <b>angle</b> in my dream.<br />
<br />
Right usage: A square has four <b>angles.</b><br />
I saw an <b>angel</b> in my dream.<br />
<br />
v. <u><b>Beautiful, Handsome</b></u> <br />
Beautiful :- Attractive (adjective)<br />
Handsome :- Pleasing in appearance (adjective)<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: Jessica is a <b>handsome</b> woman<br />
Alex is a <b>beautiful</b> man<br />
<br />
Right usage: Jessica is a <b>beautiful</b> woman<br />
Alex is a <b>handsome</b> man<br />
<br />
vi. <u><b>Check, Cheque </b></u><br />
Check :- To examine/ To Stop (verb)<br />
Cheque :- Written order to a bank for money (noun)<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: <b>Cheque</b> you bag before coming to school. <br />
I have issued you a crossed <b>check.</b><br />
<br />
Right usage: <b>Check</b> you bag before coming to school. <br />
I have issued you a crossed <b>cheque.</b><br />
<br />
vii.<b> <u>Ceiling, Sealing</u></b> <br />
Ceiling :- Top surface of room, roof (noun)<br />
Sealing :-<b> </b>To stamp with seal(verb)<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: <b>Sealing</b> of my house is very bad.<br />
I got a <b>ceiled</b> parcel.<br />
<br />
<br />
Right usage: <b>Ceiling</b> of my house is very bad.<br />
I got a <b>sealed</b> parcel.<br />
<br />
viii. <u><b>Discover, Invent </b></u><br />
Discover :- To make known previously unknown thing(verb)<br />
Invent :- To create something new(verb) <br />
<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: Vasco-da-Gama <b>invented</b> the sea route to India<br />
Television was <b>discovered</b> by <span class="st"> Baird</span> <br />
Right usage: Vasco-da-Gama <b>discovered</b><b></b> the sea route to India<br />
Television was <b>invented</b> by <span class="st"> Baird</span><br />
ix. <u><b>Fair, Fare</b></u> <br />
Fair :- Attractive (adjective)<br />
An exhibition (noun)<br />
Without fraud or cheating(adjective) [<b> I'll tell about these words next </b>]<br />
Fare :- Price charged<br />
<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: They are going to <b>fare</b> today.<br />
What is the bus <b>fair</b> from Bangalore to Mumbai...?<br />
<br />
Right usage: They are going to <b>fair</b> today.<br />
What is the bus <b>fare</b> from Bangalore to Mumbai...? <br />
<br />
x. <u><b>There, Their</b></u><br />
There :- At that place<br />
Their :- Them<br />
<br />
Wrong usage: You can take it from <b>their</b>.<br />
Some one hit <b>there</b> car.<br />
<br />
Right usage: You can take it from <b>there</b>.<br />
Some one hit <b>their</b> car.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>b. Common errors in the use of Gender</b></span><br />
<b> Many mistakes are committed by us because we do not know the right use of genders, they often confused about Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders</b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0F5CN2dUgLDR7LKjytTwNDw1HaWi7H_nDNjmQ-V9fK0wvKsdqf2zxojYVGkHXvG_q060TBdINahnVdSOn5HzDuThNTEB1OiU2MqXDqRryPs-nyUgPwvCT0NThEWpekP6mCzfMYzqf1_Wo/s1600/gender.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0F5CN2dUgLDR7LKjytTwNDw1HaWi7H_nDNjmQ-V9fK0wvKsdqf2zxojYVGkHXvG_q060TBdINahnVdSOn5HzDuThNTEB1OiU2MqXDqRryPs-nyUgPwvCT0NThEWpekP6mCzfMYzqf1_Wo/s320/gender.jpeg" width="320" /></a><br />
i. Wrong usage : My friend is without <b>marriage</b>.<br />
Right usage : My friend is a <b>bachelor</b>.<br />
ii. Wrong usage : He married a woman <b>Jew</b>.<br />
<br />
Right usage : He married a <b>Jewess</b>.<br />
iii. Wrong usage : The <b>milk-woman</b> will be late today.<br />
Right usage : The <b>milk-maid</b> will be late today.<br />
iv. Wrong usage : She is a <b>woman priest</b>.<br />
Right usage : She is a <b>priestess</b>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">c</span>. Common errors in the use of Singular and <span style="font-size: large;">Plural</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> This is all about the usage of s and es</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">. A noun denoting more than one person o<span style="font-size: small;">r thing is called plural, if not that may be a singular..<span style="font-size: small;">, lets look at the usage, errors and corrections..</span></span></span></span></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdDua6olqCAhM0MbZ72FWEwioqRVbcYuV-iPbydoexoznxGUcfqRRp2rBbW8ugd7vyv5Q3Aerp-Oy23DpdQWpD_Z7WuIrpN8RBVL4SJQYBi7xikPbK0pd-e61OndMxvSksVjzx7GpMnsi/s1600/grammar-rules-subject-verb-agreement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvdDua6olqCAhM0MbZ72FWEwioqRVbcYuV-iPbydoexoznxGUcfqRRp2rBbW8ugd7vyv5Q3Aerp-Oy23DpdQWpD_Z7WuIrpN8RBVL4SJQYBi7xikPbK0pd-e61OndMxvSksVjzx7GpMnsi/s320/grammar-rules-subject-verb-agreement.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">i. Wrong : He has prepared several dish<b>s</b>.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">He has prepared several dish<span style="font-size: small;"><b>es</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">ii. Wrong :<span style="font-size: small;"> He has purchased two piano<b>es</b></span>.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : He has purchased two piano<b>s</b>.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">iii. Wrong : I s<span style="font-size: small;">aw <span style="font-size: small;">the</span> thie</span>f<b>s</b> yesterday morning.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : I saw the thie<b>ves</b> yesterday morning.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> iv. Wrong : He has two ch<span style="font-size: small;">ildren<b>s</b></span> / Child<b>s</b> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Right<b> </b>: He has two children.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">v<span style="font-size: small;">. Wrong : He bought three dozen<b>s</b> of Orange<b>s</b></span></span><b>.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Right : He bought three dozen of Orange<b>s</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">vi. Wrong : I have<span style="font-size: small;"> t<span style="font-size: small;">wo <b>man</b>-serv<span style="font-size: small;">a</span>nts.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : I have two <b>men</b>-serv<span style="font-size: small;">a</span>nts. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">vii. Wrong : She purchased two pairs of shoe.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : She purchased two pair<span style="font-size: small;">s</span> of </span></span>shoes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">viii. Wrong : He helps the poor<b>s</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Right : He helps the poor.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">ix. Wrong : My hairs are grey<span style="font-size: small;"> in color.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Right : My hair is grey in color<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>d. Common errors in the Construction of Sentences</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> These are some <span style="font-size: small;">erro<span style="font-size: small;">rs duri<span style="font-size: small;">ng the formati<span style="font-size: small;">on of a sentence, this can be avoided by a <span style="font-size: small;">careful</span> observation <span style="font-size: small;">while framing the sentences...</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">i. Wrong : Both yourself and yo<span style="font-size: small;">ur son are intelligent</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : Both you and your son are intelligent.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">ii. Wrong : Alex had a son in U.K. would send him enough money to meet his expenses.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : Alex had a son in U.K. who would send him enough money to meet his expenses.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">iii. Wrong :<span style="font-size: small;"> Jessi is the very girl <span style="font-size: small;">whom</span> of all other I most love.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : Jessi is the girl I most love.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">iv. <span style="font-size: small;">Wrong : </span>Every<span style="font-size: small;">one of these girls are beautiful.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : Every one of these girls is beautiful. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">v. Wrong : Neither Ben<span style="font-size: small;"> does sing<span style="font-size: small;">, nor I do.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : Neither does Ben sings, nor do I.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">vi. Wrong : Each of the clerk in this office <span style="font-size: small;">are effic<span style="font-size: small;">ient.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Right : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Each of the clerk in this office <span style="font-size: small;">is effic<span style="font-size: small;">ient.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;">e. Common errors in the use of Pronouns</b><br />
<b> A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a Noun </b>an error in the usage of these words may create some embracing satiation so here are some instances for that...,<br />
<b><br /></b>
i. Wrong : Let John and <b>I</b> go to his house.<br />
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Right : Let John and <b>me</b> go to his house.<br />
<br />
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ii. Wrong : Our<b>'s</b> is not a larger house.<br />
Right : Ours is not a larger house.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
iii. Wrong : All is not a gold that glitters.<br />
Right : All that glitters is not gold .<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
iv. Wrong : It was <b>me</b> who punished.</div>
Right : It was <b>I</b> who punished.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
v. Wrong : Who do you want...?</div>
Right : Whom do you want...?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
vi. Wrong : You<b>r's</b> faithfully.</div>
<div>
Right : You<b>rs</b> faithfully.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">f. Common errors in the use of Adjectives</b></div>
<div>
<b> An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a Noun...</b></div>
<div>
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b></div>
<div>
<div>
i. Wrong : These flowers smell sweetly.</div>
<div>
Right : These flowers smell sweet.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
ii. Wrong : Alex is my <b>eldest</b> brother.</div>
<div>
Right : Alex is my <b>oldest</b> brother.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
iii. Wrong : Open your book at 23rd page.</div>
<div>
Right : Open your book at page 23.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
iv. Wrong : The rich people should help <b>poors</b>.</div>
<div>
Right : The rich people should help <b>poor</b>.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
v. Wrong : I prefer milk than tea.</div>
<div>
Right : I prefer milk to tea.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
vi. Wrong : He did not buy some pencils.</div>
<div>
Right : He did not buy any pencils.</div>
</div>
</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Introduction </b></span><br />
Nowadays, everyone wants privacy on the web, because no matter where you go, someone could be watching you. Someone like your employer, someone trying to hack your system, companies gathering all your info to sell to yet other companies, or even the government, may be on your track while you peacefully surf the web. Thus, anonymity on the web means being able to use all of its services with no concern about someone snooping on your data. <br />
Your computer being connected to the net has an IP [Internet Protocol] address. If you have a dial-up connection, then your IP changes every time you connect to the internet (this is not always true, though. There are dial-up ISP's, specially for university students, that do have static IP's). Cable modems and DSL connections have a static IP, which means that the IP address does not change. One of the goals of getting anonymous is to make sure your ip, either static or dynamic) isn't revealed to other users of the internet, or to server administrators of the servers you roam around when using internet services. <br />
Here let me try to give you some hints on how to maintain your anonymity on the web. Some of the hints may sound banal, but think of, if you really abide them in every situation. <br />
<br />
<b> First Tips:</b><br />
When chatting on IRC, ICQ, AIM (etc..), do not give out personal information about yourself, where you live, work, etc. <br />
Do not use your primary email address (the one your ISP gave you) anywhere except to family members, close friends or trusted people. Instead create for yourself a web-based email account such as <a href="https://in.edit.yahoo.com/registration?.pd=&intl=in&origIntl=&done=http%3A%2F%2Fin.mail.yahoo.com%2F&src=fpctx&last=&partner=yahoo_default&domain=&yahooid=&lang=en-US" target="_blank">yahoo</a>, <a href="https://signup.live.com/signup.aspx?wa=wsignin1.0&rpsnv=11&ct=1355405392&rver=6.1.6206.0&wp=MBI_SSL_SHARED&wreply=https%3a%2f%2fmail.live.com%2fdefault.aspx&id=64855&cbcxt=mai&bk=1355405395&uiflavor=web&mkt=EN-US&lc=1033&lic=1" target="_blank">hotmail</a>, <a href="https://accounts.google.com/SignUp?service=mail&continue=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.google.com%2Fmail%2F&ltmpl=default" target="_blank">gmail</a>, etc. and use this e-mail address to signing up for services, when in the need to give your mail to download something, or to publish on your homepage. <br />
When signing up for services on the web, don't give your real information like address, phone number and such unless you really need to do so. This is the kind of information that information gathering companies like to get, so that they can sell out and fill your mailbox with spam. <br />
Use an anonymous proxy to surf the web. This makes sure your ip doesn't get stored on the webserver logs. (Webservers log every GET request made, together with date, hour, and IP. This is where the proxy comes in. They get the ip from the proxy, not yours) <br />
Use a <a href="http://download.cnet.com/E-Bouncer/3000-2144_4-75755190.html" target="_blank">Bouncer</a> to connect to IRC networks, in case you don't trust the administrators, or the other users. <b>A bouncer is a program that sits on a permanently connected machine that allows you to connect there, and from there to the irc server, just like a proxy works for webservers. </b><br />
Use anonymous remailers to send out your e-mails. <br />
Cryptography can also help you by making sure the material you send out the web, like by email, etc, is cyphered, not allowing anyone that doesn't have your key to read it (in key-based cryptography). Programs like PGP (pretty good privacy) are toolkits with all you need to cypher and uncypher your stuff. <br />
Delete traces of your work with the computer including history files, cache or backup files.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Care full while choosing a proxy.., an error in selection may restrict you to be online...!</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">A</span>bout proxies</b></span><br />
<br />
Proxies are caches that relay data. When you configure your web browser to use a proxy, it never connects to the URL. Instead it always connects to the proxy server, and asks it to get the URL for you. It works similarly with other type of services such as IRC, ICQ etc. There'll won't be direct connection between you and the server, so your real IP address won't be revealed to the server. When you view a website on the server, the server won't see your IP. Some of web proxies do not support forwarding of the cookies whose support is required by some of the websites (for ex.<a href="https://signup.live.com/signup.aspx?wa=wsignin1.0&rpsnv=11&ct=1355405392&rver=6.1.6206.0&wp=MBI_SSL_SHARED&wreply=https%3a%2f%2fmail.live.com%2fdefault.aspx&id=64855&cbcxt=mai&bk=1355405395&uiflavor=web&mkt=EN-US&lc=1033&lic=1" target="_blank">hotmail</a>). <br />
Here are some anonymous <a href="http://www.proxysites.in/" target="_blank"><cite>Pxory List</cite></a> that you can use to surf anonymously (notice that some of these may be a payed service): <br />
<a href="http://www.proxysites.in/" target="_blank"><cite></cite></a><br />
<br />
You'll highly probably find many websites that provide the lists of unauthorised proxies and re- mailers, Such lists are being compiled usually with the help of port scanners or exploit scanners, scanning for computers with wingate or other proxies' backdoors. Using these proxies is illegal, and is being considered as unauthorized access of computer. If you get such list to your hands, check if the info is legal or compiled by script kiddie, and act acordingly. <br />
If you anyhow decide not to use proxy, at least do not forget to remove your personal information from your browser. After you remove details like your name and e-mail address from your browser, the only info a Web site can sniff out is your ISP's address and geographical location. Also Java and JavaScript applets can take control of your browser unexpectedly, and if you are surfing to unknown and potentially dangerous places you should be aware of that. There are exploitable browser bugs (mainly Internet explorer ones) reported ever week. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> Cookies </b></span><br />
Maybe you're not aware of the fact that if you have the "allow cookies" feature in your browser on, websites can store all sorts of information on your harddrive. Cookies are small files that contain various kind of information that can be read by websites when you visit them. The usual usage is to track demographics for advertising agencies that want to see just what kinds of consumers a certain site is attracting. Web sites also use cookies to keep your account information up-to-date. Then for instance when you visit your e-mail webbased account without being unlogged some hours later, you find yourself being logged on, even if you turn off your computer. Your login and password was simply stored on your harddrive in cookie file. This is security threat, in case that there is more persons who have the access to your computer. <br />
Most of the browsers offer the possiblity to turn off the cookies, but some of sites like Hotmail.com require them to be turned on. In case you decided to allow cookies, at least never forget to log off from the websites when you're finishing visiting them. <br />
<br />
<b> FTP Transfers </b><br />
When using an FTP client program to download files, assure yourself, that it's giving a bogus password, like guest@unknown.com, not your real one. If your browser lets you, turn off the feature that sends your e-mail address as a password for anonymous FTP sessions. <br />
<br />
<b> Secure Transaction</b><br />
Everything being sent from the web server to your browser is usually in plain text format. That means, all transferred information can be easily sniffed on the route. Some of the web servers support SSL (which stands for Secure Socket Layer). To view and use these websites you'll need SSL support in your browser as well. You recognize, that the connection is encrypted, if URL starts with https:// instead of usual http://. Never use web server without SSL for sending or receiving sensitive private or business information (credit card numbers, passwords etc.) <br />
<br />
<b> SSL Tunelling </b><br />
What is SSL? <br />
SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer. The ?Secure? implies an encryption, while Socket Layer denotes an addition to the Window Socket system, Winsock. For those that don?t know, a Socket is an attachment to a port on a system. You can have many sockets on one port, providing they are non-blocking (allowing control to pass through to another socket aware application which wishes to connect to that port). <br />
A Secure Socket Layer means that any sockets under it, are both secure and safe. The idea behind SSL was to provide an encrypted, and thus, secure route for traffic along a socket based system, such as TCP/IP (the internet protocol). Doing this allows security in credit card transactions on the Internet, encrypted and protected communiqué along a data line, and overall peace of mind. <br />
The SSL uses an encryption standard developed by RSA. RSA are a world respected American organisation that specializes in encryption and data security. Initially, they developed a cipher length of only 40 bits, for use with the Secure Socket Layer, this was considered weak and therefore a longer much more complicated encryption cipher was created, 128 bits. The reasoning behind it was simple: it needs to be secure. <br />
The RSA site puts the advantage of a longer encryption length pretty clearly: because 40-bit encryption is considered to be relatively weak. 128-bits is about 309 septillion times ( 309,485,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ) larger than 40-bits. This would mean it would take that many times longer to crack or break 128-bit encryption than it would 40-bit. <br />
If you want more information on the technicalities or RSA?s SSL encryption engine, visit their site: http://www.rsasecurity.com/standards/ssl. <br />
But what does all this encryption and security have to do with you? <br />
Well, that?s a simple question. No matter how hard you try, at times your privacy will need to be knowingly invaded so you can make use of the product offered for doing so. If you think about food, for example, one cannot eat without swallowing. When we wish to make a transaction or view a site on the internet, where we have to give enough information away so that it happens, we also want to be assured no one else along the line gathers that data. An encrypted session would mean our data is not at the hands of any privacy perpetrators unless they knew how to decode it ? and the only ones in the know, are those you specifically wish. SSL uses public key encryption as explained in the PGP section. <br />
To put this at a head: if you use an encrypted connection or session, you can be relatively assured that there are no prying eyes along the way. <br />
And how do I implement SSL with SSL Tunnelling? <br />
We know that a Secure Socket Layer is safe, but what we don?t know is what a Tunnel is. In the most simplistic form, a tunnel is a proxy. Like proxy voting in general elections, a tunnel will relay your data back and forth for you. You may be aware though, that there are already ?proxies? out there, and yes, that is true. Tunnelling is done via proxies, but it is not considered to be the same as a standard proxy relaying simply because it isn?t. <br />
Tunnelling is very special kind of proxy relay, in that it can, and does relay data without interfering. It does this transparently and without grievance or any care for what is passing its way. <br />
Now, if we add this ability to ?tunnel? data, any data, in a pipe, to the Secure Sockets Layer, we have a closed connection that is independent of the software carrying it; and something that is also encrypted. For those of you wanting to know a little more about the technicalities, the SSL layer is also classless in the sense it does not interferer with the data passed back and forth ? after all, it is encrypted and impossible to tamper with. That attribute means an SSL capable proxy is able to transfer data out of its ?proxied? connection to the destination required. <br />
So to sum up, we have both a secure connection that does the job and relays things in the right direction; and we have direct tunnel that doesn?t care what we pass through it. Two very useful, and almost blind entities. All we need now is a secure proxy that we can use as the tunnel. <br />
Proxies: <br />
Secure proxies are alike standard proxies. We can either use an HTTP base SSL equipped proxy - one specifically designed for security HTTP traffic, but because of the ignorant nature of SSL communication, it can be bent to any needs ? or we can use a proper SSL service designed for our connection ? like you would use a secure NNTP (news) program with a secure proxy on port 563 instead of taking our long way - which would probably work as well. <br />
A secure HTTP proxy operates on port 443. Host proxies are not public, that means they operate for, and allow only traffic from their subnet or the ISP that operates them ? but, there are many badly configured HTTP proxies and some public ones out there. The use of a program called HTTrack (available on Neworder) will aid you in scanning and searching for proxies on your network or anywhere on the Internet if your ISP does not provide you with one. <br />
Neworder also features a number of sites dedicated to listing public proxies in the Anonymity section. While it?s often hard to find a suitable fast proxy, it?s worth the effort when you get one. <br />
So how can I secure my connections with SSL Tunnelling? <br />
That?s a big question, and beyond the scope out this tuition as it must come to and end. I can however, point you in the right direction of two resources that will aid you in tunnelling both IRC, and most other connections via a HTTP proxy. <br />
For Windows, the first stop would be <a href="http://www.totalrc.net/?">http://www.totalrc.net?</a>s Socks2HTTP. This is an SSL tunnelling program that turns a normal socks proxy connection into a tunnelled SSL connection. <br />
The second stop, for both Windows and Unix is stunnel. <br />
<br />
<b> Anonymity on IRC</b><br />
A BNC, or a Bouncer - is used in conjunction with IRC as a way of hiding your host when people /whois you. On most IRC networks, your host isnt masked when you whois, meaning the entire IP appears, like 194.2.0.21, which can be resolved. On other networks, your host might be masked, like IRCnetwork-0.1 but it can still give valuable information, like nationality if your host is not a IP, but a DNS resolved host, like my.host.cn would be masked to IRCnetwork-host.cn but this would still tell the person who whoised you, that you are from China. <br />
To keep information such as this hidden from the other users on an IRC network, many people use a Bouncer, which is actually just a Proxy. Let us first draw a schematic of how a normal connection would look, with and without a BNC installed. <br />
Without a BNC: <br />
your.host.cn <<-->> irc.box.sk <br />
With a BNC: <br />
your.host.cn <<-->> my.shell.com <<-->> irc.box.sk <br />
You will notice the difference between the two. When you have a BNC installed, a shell functions as a link between you and the IRC server (irc.box.sk as an example). You install a BNC on a shell, and set a port for it to listen for connections on. You then login to the shell with your IRC client, BitchX/Xchat/mIRC, and then it will login to the IRC server you specify - irc.box.sk in this case. In affect, this changes your host, in that it is my.shell.com that makes all the requests to irc.box.sk, and irc.box.sk doesn't know of your.host.cn, it has never even made contact with it. <br />
In that way, depending on what host your shell has, you can login to IRC with a host like i.rule.com, these vhosts are then actually just an alias for your own machine, your.host.cn, and it is all completely transparent to the IRC server. <br />
Many servers have sock bots that check for socket connections. These aren't BNC connections, and BNC cannot be tested using a simple bot, unless your shell has a socket port open (normally 1080) it will let you in with no problem at all, the shell is not acting as a proxy like you would expect, but more as a simple IRC proxy, or an IRC router. In one way, the BNC just changes the packet and sends it on, like: <br />
to: my.shell.com -> to: irc.box.sk -> to: my.shell.com from: your.host.cn <- from: my.shell.com <- from: irc.box.sk <br />
The BNC simply swaps the host of your packet, saying it comes from my.shell.com. But also be aware, that your own machine is perfectly aware that it has a connection established with my.shell.com, and that YOU know that you are connected to irc.box.sk. Some BNCs are used in IRC networks, to simulate one host. If you had a global IRC network, all linked together, you could have a local server called: cn.myircnetwork.com which Chinese users would log into. It would then Bounce them to the actual network server, in effect making all users from china have the same host - cn.myircnetwork.com, masking their hosts. Of course, you could change the host too - so it didn't reveal the nationality, but it is a nice gesture of some networks, that they mask all hosts from everyone, but it makes life hard for IRCops on the network - but its a small price to pay for privacy. <br />
Note: Even if you do use IRC bouncer, within DCC transfers or chat, your IP will be revealed, because DCC requires direct IP to IP connection. Usual mistake of IRC user is to have DCC auto-reply turned on. For an attacker is then easy to DCC chat you or offer you a file, and when IRC clients are connected, he can find out your IP address in the list of his TCP/IP connections (netstat). <br />
How do I get IRC bouncer? <br />
you download and install bouncer software, or get someone to install it for you (probably the most known and best bouncer available is BNC, homepage : http://gotbnc.com/) <br />
you configure and start the software - in case it's bouncer at Unix machine, you start it on your shell account (let's say shell.somewhere.com) <br />
you open IRC and connect to the bouncer at shell.somewhere.com on the port you told it to start on. <br />
all depending on the setup, you may have to tell it your password and tell it where to connect, and you're now on irc as shell.somewhere.com instead of your regular hostname<br />
<br />
<b>Mail crypto </b><br />
Usually the safest way to ensure that your e-mail won't be read by unauthorised persons is to encrypt them. To be compatible with the rest of the world I'd suggest to use free PGP software. <br />
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a piece of software, used to ensure that a message/file has not been changed, has not been read, and comes from the person you think it comes from.<a href="http://www.pgpi.org/" target="_blank"> Download @</a><br />
How does pgp Work? <br />
The whole idea behind PGP is that of Public and Private keys. To explain the algorithm PGP uses in order to encrypt the message would take too much time, and is beyond the scope of this, we will however look at how it ensures the integrity of the document. A user has a password, this password has to be chosen correctly, so don't choose passwords like "pop" or "iloveyou", this will make an attack more likely to succeed. The password is used to create a private key, and a public key - the algorithm ensures that you can not use the public key to make the private key. The public key is sent to a server, or to the people you send e-mails/files, and you keep the private key secret. <br />
We will use a few terms and people in this introduction, they are: Pk - Public Key, Sk - Secret Key (private key). Adam will send an e-mail to Eve, and Rita will be a person in between, who we are trying to hide the content of the mail from. Rita will intercept the email (PGP doesn't ensure that Rita cant get her hands on the package, she can - its not a secure line like other technologies) and try to read it/modify it. Adam has a Sk1 and a Pk1, and Eve has a Sk2 and a Pk2. Both Adam, Eve, and Rita have Pk1 and Pk2, but Sk1 and Sk2 are presumed to be totally secret. First, here is a schematic of how it all looks: <br />
PUBLIC SERVER<br />
Pk1, Pk2<br />
<br />
Adam <------------------------------------------> Eve Sk1 ^ Sk2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
Rita<br />
So Adam wants to send a packet to Eve, without Rite reading it, or editing it. There are three things that we need to make sure: <br />
That Rita cant read the text without permission <br />
That Rita cant edit it in any way, without Eve and Adam knowing <br />
That Even knows that Adam sent it <br />
First thing is making sure Rita cant read the text. Adam does this by encrypting the message with Eves Pk2 which he has found on the server. You can only Encrypt with the Pk, not decrypt, so Rita wont be able to read the data unless Eve has revealed her Sk2. <br />
The second thing to make sure, is that Rite cant edit the message. Adam creates a hash from the message he has created. The hash can be encrypted using Pk2, or sent as it is. When Eve gets the message, she decrypts it, and creates a hash herself, then checks if the hashes are the same - if they are, the message is the same, if its different, something has changed in the message. The Hash is very secure, and it is in theory impossible to make a change, and get the hash to remain the same. <br />
The third, and probably one of the most important things to ensure, is that Rita hasn't grabbed the mail, made a new one, and sent it in Adams name. We can ensure this by using Public key and Private key too. The Sk can be used both to encrypt and to decrypt, but Pk can only encrypt. When Adam normally sends a message M to Eve, he creates the encrypted message C by doing: C=Pk2(M). This means, Adam uses Pk2 (Eves Pk) on message M to create message C. Image this: Adam can encrypt the message with his Sk1, because it is impossible to derive Sk1 from the message, this is secure and without any danger, as long as no one knows the password used to make Sk1 with. If the message M is encrypted with Sk1, he gets a message called X, Eve can decrypt the message using Pk1 which is public. If the message decrypts to something that makes sence, then it must be from Adam, because Sk1 is considered as secret, and only Adam knows it. <br />
The entire process looks like this, when sending message C: Adam signs his digital signature on C, and hashes C: X=Sk1(C). Then Adam encrypts the message for Eve: M=Pk2(X). The message is sent, and looks all in all like this: M=Pk2(Sk1(C)). Rita can intercept M, but not decrypt, edit, or resend it. Eve receives M, and decrypts it: X=Sk2(M). Then she checks the digital signature: C=Pk1(X) and checks the Hash on the way. <br />
This way, the PGP Public/Private key system ensures integrity and security of the document e-mail, but PGP is not the only algorithm that uses the Public/Private key theory, Blowfish, and RSA are among the many other technologies that use it, PGP is just the most popular for e-mail encryption, but many don't trust it because of rumors of backdoors by the NSA (I don't know if its true though). PGP comes in a commercial, and a freeware version for Windows, and is available for Linux as well. What ever encryption you use, it will be better than none. <br />
<br />
<b>Anonymous Remailers </b><br />
Remailers are programs accessible on the Internet that route email and USENET postings anonymously (i.e., the recipient cannot determine who sent the email or posted the article). This way the sender can't be traced back by routing headers included in the e-mail. There are different classes of remailers, which allow anonymous exchange of email and anonymous posting to USENET and often many other useful features.<br />
<br />
<b>ICQ Privacy </b><br />
How can I keep my privacy at ICQ? <br />
Send and receive messages via ICQ server, not directly. Every direct connection enables attacker to learn your IP. Encrypt your messages by dedicated software, encryption addons. <br />
How to encrypt ICQ messages? <br />
There are addons which enhance your ICQ with possibility to encrypt outcoming messages. The user on the other side needs to have the addon as well in order to decrypt your message. <br />
Resources: <br />
<br />
Top Secret Messenger (TSM) - trial version has only weak 8-bit encryption <br />
<br />
Chat Buddy - a freeware Windows application for encrypting chat sessions <br />
<br />
how encryption works in ICQ protocol v5 <br />
<br />
<b>Spyware </b><br />
As we all work hard to become more savvy about protecting our personal information and keeping as anonymous as possible on the web, advertising companies are working just as hard to come up with new ways of getting our personal information. One of the ways they accomplish this is through spyware. <br />
Spyware are applications that are bundled along with many programs that you download for free. Their function is to gather personal information about you and relay it back to advertising firms. The information is then used either to offer you products or sold to other advertisers, so they can promote THEIR products. They claim this is all they do with this information, but the problem is nobody really knows for sure. <br />
Spyware fits the classic definition of a trojan, as it is something that you did not bargain for+when you agreed to download the product. Not only is spyware an invasion of your privacy, but (especially if you have a few different kinds on your machine) it can also chew up bandwidth, making your internet connection slower. <br />
Sometimes, these spies really are harmless, merely connecting back to the home server to deliver+you more advertising. Some, like Gator for instance, send out detailed information about your surfing habits, operating system, income, age demographic et cetera. <br />
Avoiding spyware <br />
Avoiding spyware is getting harder and harder, as more software distributors are choosing it as a method of profiting from freeware and shareware distributions. Be leery of programs with cute+little icons like Gator. Also, watch those Napster wannabes like AudioGalaxy, Limewire, and Kazaa. I've yet to find one that didn't include spyware. Before you download, check to see if the program is known to contain spyware. <br />
<br />
<br />
Getting rid of spyware <br />
In most cases, you can remove the spyware from your system and still use the application you downloaded. In the case of Gator and Comet Cursor, the the whole program is spyware an it must be completely removed to stop the spying. <br />
There are several ways to get rid of spyware on your system. You can use a firewall to monitor outgoing connections. The programmers that put these things together, however, are getting sneakier and sneakier about getting them to circumvent firewalls. Comet Cursor, for instance uses an HTTP post command to connect without the intervention of a firewall. You can also install a registry monitor such as Regmon to monitor your registry for unwanted registry registry changes, but this is not foolproof either. <br />
Probably the best method of removal is to download a spyware removal program and run it like it was a virus scanner. The best examples of these programs are:<br />
<a href="http://www.lavasoftusa.com/" target="_blank">Lavasoft's Adaware</a>. Or professional cybernut Steve <a href="http://grc.com/optout.htm" target="_blank">Gibson's OptOu</a>t. Both of these programs are free and are updated regularly. <br />
Here are some links, if you wish to learn more about spyware:<br />
<a href="http://www.spychecker.com/">http://www.spychecker.com/</a><br />
<a href="http://grc.com/optout.htm">http://grc.com/optout.htm</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Cleaning Tracks </b><br />
Resources: <br />
Burnt Cookies - allows automatic detection and optional deletion of Cookies deposited by Banner Ad of the web-sites... <br />
<br />
Surfsecret - automatically kills files like your Internet cache files, cookies, history, temporary files, recent documents, and the contents of the Recycle Bin. <br />
<br />
Note: One sidenote on cleaning tracks. When you delete some files on your machine, these aren't actually deleted. Only the reference to their location in the hard drive is deleted, which makes the OS think that that location on the HD is free and ready to take things. Thus, there are ways to recover data even after you delete them. <br />
There are however, several ways to _wipe_ this information. Programs that fill hard disk locations with zeros, then with 1s, on several passes are your best bet to make sure no document goes to the wrong hands. One of such programs is PGP. PHPi now comes with a utility that does this work, and you can even select the number of passes to wipe files. For *nix, there is also the "wipe" program. Use these when you feel you have data that needs secure cleaning. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4302003846322789173.post-44045914880202233052012-12-13T11:53:00.000+05:302023-11-04T11:41:04.144+05:30Movie Tags<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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If you are downloading lots of movies through Torrents, then you will come across these tags that are suffixed with the content that you downloads..., So today I'm telling you what these tags says, so that it makes you easy to identify the quality of the content...!<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><b>CAM</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> -</span><br />
A cam is a theater rip usually done with a digital video camera. A mini tripod is sometimes used, but a lot of the time this wont be possible, so the camera make shake. Also seating placement isn't always idle, and it might be filmed from an angle. If cropped properly, this is hard to tell unless there's text on the screen, but a lot of times these are left with triangular borders on the top and bottom of the screen. Sound is taken from the on-board microphone of the camera, and especially in comedies, laughter can often be heard during the film. Due to these factors <b>picture and sound quality are usually quite poor</b>, but sometimes we're lucky, and the theater will be fairly empty and a fairly clear signal will be heard.<br />
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<b>TELESYNC (TS)</b> -<br />
A telesync is the same spec as a CAM except it uses an external audio source (most likely an audio jack in the chair for hard of hearing people). A direct audio source does not ensure a good quality audio source, as a lot of background noise can interfere. A lot of the times a telesync is filmed in an empty cinema or from the projection booth with a professional camera, giving a better picture quality. Quality ranges drastically, check the sample before downloading the full release. A high percentage of Telesyncs are CAMs that have been mislabeled.<br />
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<b>TELECINE (TC) -</b><br />
A telecine machine copies the film digitally from the reels. Sound and picture should be very good, but due to the equipment involved and cost telecines are fairly uncommon. Generally the film will be in correct aspect ratio, although 4:3 telecines have existed. A great example is the JURASSIC PARK 3 TC . TC should not be confused with TimeCode , which is a visible counter on screen throughout the film.<br />
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<b>SCREENER (SCR) -</b><br />
A pre VHS tape, sent to rental stores, and various other places for promotional use. A screener is supplied on a VHS tape, and is usually in a 4:3 (full screen) a/r, although letterboxed screeners are sometimes found. The main draw back is a "ticker" (a message that scrolls past at the bottom of the screen, with the copyright and anti-copy telephone number). Also, if the tape contains any serial numbers, or any other markings that could lead to the source of the tape, these will have to be blocked, usually with a black mark over the section. This is sometimes only for a few seconds, but unfortunately on some copies this will last for the entire film, and some can be quite big. Depending on the equipment used, screener quality can range from excellent if done from a MASTER copy, to very poor if done on an old VHS recorder thru poor capture equipment on a copied tape. Most screeners are transferred to VCD, but a few attempts at SVCD have occurred, some looking better than others.<br />
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<b>DVD-SCREENER (DVDscr)</b> -<br />
Same premise as a screener, but transferred off a DVD. Usually letterbox , but without the extras that a DVD retail would contain. The ticker is not usually in the black bars, and will disrupt the viewing. If the ripper has any skill, a DVDscr should be very good. Usually transferred to SVCD or DivX/XviD.<br />
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<b>DVDRip</b> -<br />
A copy of the final released DVD. If possible this is released PRE retail (for example, Star Wars episode 2) again, should be excellent quality. DVDrips are released in SVCD and DivX/XviD.<br />
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<b><br />VHSRip </b>-<br />
Transferred off a retail VHS, mainly skating/sports videos and XXX releases.<br />
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<b><br />TVRip </b>-<br />
TV episode that is either from Network (capped using digital cable/satellite boxes are preferable) or PRE-AIR from satellite feeds sending the program around to networks a few days earlier (do not contain "dogs" but sometimes have flickers etc) Some programs such as WWF Raw Is War contain extra parts, and the "dark matches" and camera/commentary tests are included on the rips. PDTV is capped from a digital TV PCI card, generally giving the best results, and groups tend to release in SVCD for these. VCD/SVCD/DivX/XviD rips are all supported by the TV scene.<br />
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<b>WORKPRINT (WP)</b> -<br />
A workprint is a copy of the film that has not been finished. It can be missing scenes, music, and quality can range from excellent to very poor. Some WPs are very different from the final print (Men In Black is missing all the aliens, and has actors in their places) and others can contain extra scenes (Jay and Silent Bob) . WPs can be nice additions to the collection once a good quality final has been obtained.<br />
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<b>DivX Re-Enc</b> -<br />
A DivX re-enc is a film that has been taken from its original VCD source, and re-encoded into a small DivX file. Most commonly found on file sharers, these are usually labeled something like Film.Name.Group(1of2) etc. Common groups are SMR and TND. These aren't really worth downloading, unless you're that unsure about a film u only want a 200mb copy of it. Generally avoid.<br />
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<b>Watermarks -</b><br />
A lot of films come from Asian Silvers/PDVD (see below) and these are tagged by the people responsible. Usually with a letter/initials or a little logo, generally in one of the corners. Most famous are the "Z" "A" and "Globe" watermarks.<br />
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<b>Asian Silvers / PDVD -</b><br />
These are films put out by eastern bootleggers, and these are usually bought by some groups to put out as their own. Silvers are very cheap and easily available in a lot of countries, and its easy to put out a release, which is why there are so many in the scene at the moment, mainly from smaller groups who don't last more than a few releases. PDVDs are the same thing pressed onto a DVD. They have removable subtitles, and the quality is usually better than the silvers. These are ripped like a normal DVD, but usually released as VCD.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b>Formats</b></span><br />
<b><br />VCD -</b><br />
VCD is an mpeg1 based format, with a constant bitrate of 1150kbit at a resolution of 352x240 (NTCS). VCDs are generally used for lower quality transfers (CAM/TS/TC/Screener(VHS)/TVrip(analogue) in order to make smaller file sizes, and fit as much on a single disc as possible. Both VCDs and SVCDs are timed in minutes, rather than MB, so when looking at an mpeg, it may appear larger than the disc capacity, and in reality u can fit 74min on a CDR74.<br />
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<b><br />SVCD -</b><br />
SVCD is an mpeg2 based (same as DVD) which allows variable bit-rates of up to 2500kbits at a resolution of 480x480 (NTSC) which is then decompressed into a 4:3 aspect ratio when played back. Due to the variable bit-rate, the length you can fit on a single CDR is not fixed, but generally between 35-60 Mins are the most common. To get a better SVCD encode using variable bit-rates, it is important to use multiple "passes". this takes a lot longer, but the results are far clearer.<br />
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<b>XVCD/XSVCD -</b><br />
These are basically VCD/SVCD that don't obey the "rules". They are both capable of much higher resolutions and bit-rates, but it all depends on the player to whether the disc can be played. X(S)VCD are total non-standards, and are usually for home-ripping by people who don't intend to release them.<br />
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<b><br />KVCD </b>-<br />
KVCD is a modification to the standard MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 GOP structure and Quantization Matrix. It enables you to create over 120 minutes of near DVD quality video, depending on your material, on a single 80 minute CD-R/CD-RW. We have published these specifications as KVCDx3, our official resolution, which produce 528x480 (NTSC) and 528x576 (PAL) MPEG-1 variable bit rate video, from 64Kbps to 3,000Kbps. Using a resolution of 352x240 (NTSC) or 352x288 (PAL), it's possible to encode video up to ~360 minutes of near VCD quality on a single 80 minute CD-R. The mpeg files created will play back in most modern standalone DVD players. You must burn the KVCD MPEG files as non-standard VCD or non-standard SVCD (depends on your player) with Nero or VCDEasy.<br />
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<b>DivX / XviD -</b><br />
DivX is a format designed for multimedia platforms. It uses two codecs, one low motion, one high motion. most older films were encoded in low motion only, and they have problems with high motion too. A method known as SBC (Smart Bit-rate Control) was developed which switches codecs at the encoding stage, making a much better print. The format is Ana orphic and the bit-rate/resolution are interchangeable. Due to the higher processing power required, and the different codecs for playback, its unlikely we'll see a DVD player capable of play DivX for quite a while, if at all. There have been players in development which are supposedly capable, but nothing has ever arisen. The majority of PROPER DivX rips (not Re-Encs) are taken from DVDs, and generally up to 2hours in good quality is possible per disc. Various codecs exist, most popular being the original Divx3.11a and the new XviD codecs.<br />
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<b>CVD -</b><br />
CVD is a combination of VCD and SVCD formats, and is generally supported by a majority of DVD players. It supports MPEG2 bit-rates of SVCD, but uses a resolution of 352x480(ntsc) as the horizontal resolution is generally less important. Currently no groups release in CVD.<br />
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<b>DVD-R -</b><br />
Is the recordable DVD solution that seems to be the most popular (out of DVD-RAM, DVD-R and DVD+R). it holds 4.7GB of data per side, and double sided discs are available, so discs can hold nearly 10gb in some circumstances. SVCD mpeg2 images must be converted before they can be burnt to DVD-R and played successfully. DVD>DVDR copies are possible, but sometimes extras/languages have to be removed to stick within the available 4.7GB.<br />
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<b>MiniDVD -</b><br />
MiniDVD/cDVD is the same format as DVD but on a standard CDR/CDRW. Because of the high resolution/bit-rates, its only possible to fit about 18-21 mins of footage per disc, and the format is only compatible with a few players.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Misc Info</b></span><br />
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<b>Regional Coding -</b><br />
This was designed to stop people buying American DVDs and watching them earlier in other countries, or for older films where world distribution is handled by different companies. A lot of players can either be hacked with a chip, or via a remote to disable this.<br />
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<b>RCE -</b><br />
RCE (Regional Coding Enhancement) was designed to overcome "Multiregion" players, but it had a lot of faults and was overcome. Very few titles are RCE encoded now, and it was very unpopular.<br />
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<b>Macrovision -</b><br />
Macrovision is the copy protection employed on most commercial DVDs. Its a system that will display lines and darken the images of copies that are made by sending the VHS signals it can't understand. Certain DVD players (for example the Dansai 852 from Tescos) have a secret menu where you can disable the macrovision, or a "video stabaliser" costs about 30UKP from Maplin<br />
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<b>NTSC/PAL -</b><br />
NTSC and PAL are the two main standards used across the world. NTSC has a higher frame rate than pal (29fps compared to 25fps) but PAL has an increased resolution, and gives off a generally sharper picture. Playing NTSC discs on PAL systems seems a lot easier than vice-versa, which is good news for the Brits An RGB enabled scart lead will play an NTSC picture in full colour on most modern tv sets, but to record this to a VHS tape, you will need to convert it to PAL50 (not PAL60 as the majority of DVD players do.) This is either achieved by an expensive converter box an onboard converter (such as the Dansai 852 / certain Daewoos / Samsung 709 ) or using a World Standards VCR which can record in any format.<br />
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<b>News Sites -</b><br />
There are generally news sites for film release for p2p and they are:<br />
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<a href="http://www.videohelp.com/" target="_blank">VCD Help</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>About Release Files</b></span><br />
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<b>RARset -</b><br />
The movies are all supplied in RAR form, whether its v2 (rar>.rxx) or v3 (part01.rar > partxx.rar) form.<br />
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<b>BIN/CUE -</b><br />
VCD and SVCD films will extract to give a BIN/CUE. Load the .CUE into notepad and make sure the first line contains only a filename, and no path information. Then load the cue into Nero/CDRWin etc and this will burn the VCD/SVCD correctly. TV rips are released as MPEG. DivX files are just the plain DivX - .AVI<br />
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<b>NFO -</b><br />
An NFO file is supplied with each movie to promote the group, and give general iNFOrmation about the release, such as format, source, size, and any notes that may be of use. They are also used to recruit members and acquire hardware for the group.<br />
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<b>SFV -</b><br />
Also supplied for each disc is an SFV file. These are mainly used on site level to check each file has been uploaded correctly, but are also handy for people downloading to check they have all the files, and the CRC is correct. A program such as pdSFV or hkSFV is required to use these files.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Usenet Information</b></span><br />
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<b>Access -</b><br />
To get onto newsgroups, you will need a news server. Most ISPs supply one, but this is usually of poor retention (the amount of time the files are on server for) and poor completition (the amount of files that make it there). For the best service, a premium news server should be paid for, and these will often have bandwidth restrictions in place.<br />
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<b>Software -</b><br />
You will need a newsreader to access the files in the binary newsgroups. There are many different readers, and its usually down to personal opinion which is best. Xnews / Forte Agent / BNR 1 / BNR 2 are amongst the popular choices. Outlook has the ability to read newsgroups, but its recommended to not use that.<br />
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<b>Format -</b><br />
Usenet posts are often the same as those listed on VCDQUALiTY (i.e., untouched group releases) but you have to check the filenames and the description to make sure you get what you think you are getting. Generally releases should come down in .RAR sets. Posts will usually take more than one day to be uploaded, and can be spread out as far as a week.<br />
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<b>PAR files -</b><br />
As well as the .rxx files, you will also see files listed as .pxx/.par . These are PARITY files. Parity files are common in usenet posts, as a lot of times, there will be at least one or two damaged files on some servers. A parity file can be used to replace ANY ONE file that is missing from the rar set. The more PAR files you have, the more files you can replace. You will need a program called SMARTPAR for this.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Scene Tags</b></span><br />
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<b>PROPER -</b><br />
Due to scene rules, whoever releases the first Telesync has won that race (for example). But if the quality of that release is fairly poor, if another group has another telesync (or the same source in higher quality) then the tag PROPER is added to the folder to avoid being duped. PROPER is the most subjective tag in the scene, and a lot of people will generally argue whether the PROPER is better than the original release. A lot of groups release PROPERS just out of desperation due to losing the race. A reason for the PROPER should always be included in the NFO.<br />
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<b>SUBBED -</b><br />
In the case of a VCD, if a release is subbed, it usually means it has hard encoded subtitles burnt throughout the movie. These are generally in malaysian/chinese/thai etc, and sometimes there are two different languages, which can take up quite a large amount of the screen. SVCD supports switch able subtitles, so some DVDRips are released with switch able subs. This will be mentioned in the NFO file if included.<br />
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<b>UNSUBBED -</b><br />
When a film has had a subbed release in the past, an Unsubbed release may be released<br />
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<b>LIMITED -</b><br />
A limited movie means it has had a limited theater run, generally opening in less than 250 theaters, generally smaller films (such as art house films) are released as limited.<br />
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<b>INTERNAL -</b><br />
An internal release is done for several reasons. Classic DVD groups do a lot of .INTERNAL. releases, as they wont be dupe'd on it. Also lower quality theater rips are done INTERNAL so not to lower the reputation of the group, or due to the amount of rips done already. An INTERNAL release is available as normal on the groups affiliate sites, but they can't be traded to other sites without request from the site ops. Some INTERNAL releases still trickle down to IRC/Newsgroups, it usually depends on the title and the popularity. Earlier in the year people referred to Centropy going "internal". This meant the group were only releasing the movies to their members and site ops. This is in a different context to the usual definition.<br />
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<b>STV -</b><br />
Straight To Video. Was never released in theaters, and therefore a lot of sites do not allow these.<br />
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<b>OTHER TAGS -</b><br />
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*WS* for widescreen (letterbox)<br />
*FS* for Fullscreen.<br />
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<b>RECODE -</b><br />
A recode is a previously released version, usually filtered through TMPGenc to remove subtitles, fix color etc. Whilst they can look better, its not looked upon highly as groups are expected to obtain their own sources.<br />
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<b>REPACK -</b><br />
If a group releases a bad rip, they will release a Repack which will fix the problems.<br />
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<b>NUKED -</b><br />
A film can be nuked for various reasons. Individual sites will nuke for breaking their rules (such as "No Telesyncs") but if the film has something extremely wrong with it (no soundtrack for 20mins, CD2 is incorrect film/game etc) then a global nuke will occur, and people trading it across sites will lose their credits. Nuked films can still reach other sources such as p2p/usenet, but its a good idea to check why it was nuked first in case. If a group realise there is something wrong, they can request a nuke.<br />
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NUKE REASONS :: this is a list of common reasons a film can be nuked for (generally DVDRip)<br />
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** BAD A/R ** :: bad aspect ratio, ie people appear too fat/thin<br />
** BAD IVTC ** :: bad inverse telecine. process of converting framerates was incorrect.<br />
** INTERLACED ** :: black lines on movement as the field order is incorrect.<br />
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<b>DUPE -</b><br />
Dupe is quite simply, if something exists already, then theres no reason for it to exist again without proper reason. </div>
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